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Malaysian Timber Species

Malaysian Timber Species

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This innovative software will tell you about the common properties of Malaysian timbers. Whether your are searching for timbers for a certain application, or simply looking for more detailed information on Malaysian timbers, the MTC Wood Wizard will be the perfect tool. 

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If you want to search for Malaysian timbers by their names, you can search by alphabetical order under “Normal Search”. If you want to search by key words, you may select “Text search” under “Normal Search” and type in the words in the box provided. Alternatively, you may also search for Malaysian timbers according to their applications or properties by going to the “Advanced Search”. 

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Malaysia’s Finest Timber Species

From its humble beginnings of manually pit-sawing logs, Malaysia’s timber industry has grown into a multi-billion dollar sector, renowned globally for its high-quality timber products. Malaysian timber-based products enhance the luxury of properties worldwide, combining elegance with durability.

Malaysia offers a diverse range of timber products, including logs, sawntimber, plywood, MDF, and furniture. Commercial hardwoods, prized for construction and fine furniture, are available as export-grade lumber, mouldings, veneer, and other panel products, following strict grading standards. This section introduces 20 of the most sought-after Malaysian timber species.

Balau

(Shorea spp.)

Bintangor

(Calophyllum spp.)

Chengal

(Neobalanocarpus heimii)

Dark Red Meranti

(Shorea spp.)

Gerutu

(Parashorea spp.)

Kasai

(Pometia spp.)

Kelat

(Syzygium spp.)

Keledang

(Artocarpus spp.)

Keruing

(Dipterocarpus spp.)

Mengkulang

(Heritiera spp.)

Merbau

(Intsia spp.)

Nyatoh

(Palaquium spp.)

Kembang Semangkok

(Scaphium spp.)

Kempas

(Koompassia malaccensis)

Red Balau

(Shorea spp.)

Yellow Meranti

(Shorea spp.)

Sepetir

(Sindora spp.)

Mersawa

(Anisoptera spp.)

Merpauh

(Swintonia spp.)

Rubberwood

(Hevea brasiliensis)

For comprehensive technical properties of these timber species and more, please check out MTC’s Wood Wizard Open Popup here.

Balau

(Shorea spp.)

Bintangor

(Calophyllum spp.)

Chengal

(Neobalanocarpus heimii)

Dark Red Meranti

(Shorea spp.)

Gerutu

(Parashorea spp.)

Kasai

(Pometia spp.)

Kelat

(Syzygium spp.)

Keledang

(Artocarpus spp.)

Keruing

(Dipterocarpus spp.)

Mengkulang

(Heritiera spp.)

Merbau

(Intsia spp.)

Nyatoh

(Palaquium spp.)

Kembang Semangkok

(Scaphium spp.)

Kempas

(Koompassia malaccensis)

Red Balau

(Shorea spp.)

Yellow Meranti

(Shorea spp.)

Sepetir

(Sindora spp.)

Mersawa

(Anisoptera spp.)

Merpauh

(Swintonia spp.)

Rubberwood

(Hevea brasiliensis)

For comprehensive technical properties of these timber species and more, please check out MTC’s Wood Wizard Open Popup here.

Chengal

(Neobalanocarpus heimii)

Gerutu

(Parashorea spp.)

Keruing

 (Dipterocarpus spp.)

Balau

 (Shorea spp)

Red Balau

 (Shorea spp.)

Kempas

 (Koompassia malaccensis)

Bintangor

 (Calophyllum spp.)

Balau

(Shorea spp)

Sepetir

(Sindora spp.)

Mengkulang

 (Heritiera spp.)

Kasai

(Pometia spp.)

Merbau

(Intsia spp.)

Kembang Semangkok

(Scaphium spp.)

Kelat

(Syzygium spp.)

Nyatoh

(Palaquium spp.)

Keledang

 (Artocarpus spp.)

Mersawa

 (Anisoptera spp.)

Merpauh

(Swintonia spp.)

Yellow Meranti

 (Shorea spp.)

Rubberwood

 (Hevea brasiliensis)

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Alan Bunga

INTRODUCTION

The common trade name applied to the lighter forms of Shorea albida (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include meranti bunga (Sarawak) and singawan bunga (Sarawak). The sapwood is light yellowish pink and not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pink or pinkish red. The timber resembles the Light Red Meranti of Peninsular Malaysia and is classified as a Light Hardwood in Sarawak.

Also known as Alan bunga (Brunei).


DENSITY

The timber is light to moderately heavy with a density of 575-640 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even, with usually straight to interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It works well and the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well without any serious defects.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 1.2% and tangential shrinkage averages 4.5%.


USES

The timber is suitable for furniture manufacture, plywood, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, joinery, light construction and other general utility purposes.  


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.  
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Api-api

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Avicennia spp. (Avicenniaceae). The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is grey-white with purple tinge. Vernacular names applied include api-api with various epithets. Major species include A. alba, A. marina, A. officinalis and A. rumphiana.

Also known as Baen (India); Api-api (Indonesia); Thame (Myanmar); White mangrove (Papua New Guinea); Api-api and Bungalon (Philippines); and Samae Tha Le and Samae (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 560-785 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is not durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven due to the presence of islands of included phloem. Grain is straight to interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be strong and falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reputed to be difficult to work.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well.


USES

The timber is suitable for furniture manufacture because of the unique figure produced by the layers of included phloem. Other uses include panelling, mouldings, rice-pounders and as a special firewood for smoking rubber and fish. 


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ara

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Ficus spp. (Moraceae). Vernacular names applied include arah (Sabah) and kayu ara (Sabah). Major species include F. callosa, F. fistulosa, F. lamponga, F. magnoliifolia, F. microcarpa, F. racemosa, F. sundaica, F. superba, F. tinctoria, F. variegata, F. vasculosa, F. virens and F. viridicarpa. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown or in various shades of yellow to pink-grey.

Also known as Fig (India); Ara, Bunut, Karet and Kundang (Indonesia); Deua kiang, Mai deaua kham and Mai do (Laos); Nyaung (Myanmar); Papua New Guinea fig (Papua New Guinea); Balete (Philippines); Sai (Thailand); and Chi da and Sung (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light and it is classified as a Light Hardwood with a density of 350-640 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is extremely easy to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and uneven due to the presence of abundant parenchyma. Grain is interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG 7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to moderately easy to resaw and easy to cross-cut. Planing is easy and the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with a moderate amount of twisting and a slight amount of cupping and bowing as the main sources of degrade. The timber is also very prone to sapstain fungal attack. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.2%.


MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.


USES

The timber is suitable for plywood, disposable chopsticks, packing boxes and crates, wooden sandals, panelling, mouldings and ornamental items.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Arau

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name, which is of Sarawakian origin, for the timber of Austrobuxus, Cephalomappa and Drypetes spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied gelugor salak (Peninsular Malaysia), kayu mapa (Sabah), lidah-lidah (Peninsular Malaysia), mentulang (Sabah) and adopon puteh (Sabah). Major species include Austrobuxus nitidus; Cephalomappa malloticarpa, C. penangensis; Drypetes longifolia and D. pendula. The sapwood is not well defined from the heartwood, which is pale straw-coloured when fresh, darkening on exposure to a light yellow.

Also known as Balikbikan and Tinaang-pantai (Philippines).

 
DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 705-865 kg/m3 air dry.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be easy to work and the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season without serious defects but is liable to sapstaining.


USES

It is suitable as a general utility timber. It has also been used as posts, joists, rafters, flooring, furniture and household implements.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bakau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timbers of Bruguiera spp., Ceriops spp. and Rhizophora spp. (Rhizophoraceae). Vernacular names applied include bakau (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, bangkita (Sabah), berus (Peninsular Malaysia), berus mata buaya (Peninsular Malaysia), beus (Sabah), langgadai (Sabah), lenggadai (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), mata buaya (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), putut (Sabah), tengar (Peninsular Malaysia), tumu (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets and berus (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include Bruguiera cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora; Ceriops tagal; Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata. The sapwood is in various shades of light yellow-brown, light brown, light red-brown or light pink-brown and is difficult to distinguish to moderately distinct from the heartwood, which is grey-brown, yellow-brown, red-brown or purple-brown and usually darkens on exposure and becomes more red.

Also known as Bakau (Brunei); Prasak (Cambodia); Lailai (Fiji); Bruguiera (India); Bakau, Tanjang and Tengar (Indonesia); Byu, Byu-chidauk, Byu-o-talon and Kabaing (Myanmar); Black Mangrove (Papua New Guinea); Bakauan, Bussain, Langarai, Pototan and Tangal (Philippines); Tongo (Samoa Islands); and Kong Kang, Prong, Prui and Rui (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 630-1,170 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The durability of the timber varies with species, e.g. Rhizophora apiculata (bakau minyak), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (tumu merah) and B. sexangula (tumu puteh) are classified as moderately durable whereas Bruguiera parviflora (lenggadai) is classified as non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with fairly straight and usually interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to slightly difficult to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to be difficult to season, being liable to check and end-split.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high especially in the tangential direction, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.4% and tangential shrinkage averaging 5.1%.


USES

The timber is suitable for handles of striking tools, temporary structures, scaffolding, piling, flooring (heavy traffic), firewood, charcoal, pulp and paper as well as rayon.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Balau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the heavy, yellow to brown timbers of the genus Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include balau (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, selangan batu No. 1 (Sabah), selangan batu (Sabah and Sarawak) and other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include S. atrinervosa, S. foxworthyi, S. glauca, S. laevis, S. materialis, S. maxwelliana, S. submontana and S. sumatrana. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is yellow or grey-brown and darkens to deep brown on exposure.

Also known as Selangan batu (Brunnei); Phchok (Cambodia); Sal (India); Anggelam, Balau, Bangkirai and Dammar laut (Indonesia); Mai chik khok (Laos); Thitya (Myanmar); Gisok, Malayakal and Yakal (Philippines); and Aek, Ak, Balao, Takhian-samphon, Teng and Rang (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 850-1,155 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The heartwood of this timber is naturally durable, but the sapwood is liable to fungal infestation. Under graveyard testing, untreated specimens (50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm) of balau kumus hitam (S. maxwelliana) gave a life-span of 15.8 years, which made it one of the most durable timber tested in Peninsular Malaysia (Jackson, 1965). Other test results recorded by Jackson include S. laevis (8 years) and S. glauca (7 years). In a later series of tests, Dahlan & Tam (in press) reported that S. laevis lasted 7.4 years, thus confirming the results obtained by Jackson. Balau is thus placed in the durable class with some species classified as extremely durable. Treated specimens of balau laut (50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm) gave an average service life of 11 years. Untreated railway sleepers (125 mm x 237 mm x 1,950 mm) of balau kumus and balau laut lasted a minimum of 15 years and 11 years respectively.   


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is extremely resistant to treatment with preservatives. 


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 1 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Balau

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. glauca Green 19,400 115 60.3 7.52 12.1
S. laevis Green 18,400 121 68.8 9.52 12.9
Air dry 20,100 142 76.0 9.79 15.0
S. maxwelliana Green 22,100 125 70.6 12.62 11.5

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to difficult to resaw and easy to difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to difficult and the planed surface is smooth to moderately smooth.

Machining Properties of Balau

Species Test Condition Sewing Planing Boring Turning
Resewing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. glauca Green moderately easy slightly difficult moderately easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth slightly difficult smooth easy smooth
S. laevis Green moderately easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth slightly difficult smooth easy smooth
S. maxwelliana Green slightly difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult difficult smooth slightly difficult smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly, with severe end-checking and splitting, moderate surface-checking and staining as the main sources of defects. 13 mm thick boards take 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 8-10 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule B is recommended.

Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)(approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 60.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.7%.

DEFECTS

The heartwood is very seldom attacked by boring insects, but the sapwood, however, is liable to infestation by powder-post beetles. Spongy heart and compression failures are unusual except in large, somewhat overmature trees (Thomas, 1958). Occasionally, resin pockets filled with solidified resin may be found. A tangential zone of abnormal tissue with abundant intercellular canals and extending longitudinally for considerable distances may also be found.

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, marine construction, ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), piling, beams, columns (heavy duty), bridges, wharves, cooling tower (structural member), railway sleepers, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), boat building, plywood, joinery, cabinet making, mallets, fender supports, door and window frames, staircase (carriage, newel and stringer), pallets (heavy and permanent type), tool handles (impact), telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, posts, joists, rafters, flooring (heavy traffic), decking and heavy duty furniture.

REFERENCES

  1. Dahlan b. Jantan & Tam, M. K. (in press) – Natural Durability of Some Malaysian Timbers by Stake Test. Malay. For.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Lopez, D. T. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Balau. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 78. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp. 
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Thomas, A. V. 1958. Malayan Timbers – Chengal and Balau. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 20 (2nd. printing).
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Balek Angin

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Mallotus spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include balek angin bopeng (Peninsular Malaysia), enserai (Sarawak), mallotus (Sabah) with various epithets, perupok (Peninsular Malaysia), selung apid (Sabah), serapoh (Peninsular Malaysia), singin (Sarawak) and ulas (Sabah). Major species include M. leucodermis, M. miquelianus, M. muticus and M. wrayi. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is straw-coloured.

Also known as Kamala (Australia); Raini (India); Balek angin, Biraki, Ki mejong, Kolimama poete, Morotokoelo, Ota mewoeloe, Tofa, Towoela and Tunbuwat (Indonesia); Banato, Hinlaumo and Tula tula(Philippines); and Vang (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to heavy with a density of 365-815 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is extremely easy to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and even, with straight grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG5 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to moderately easy and the planed surface is moderately smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with moderate splitting, insect and fungal attacks and slight cupping, bowing, end-checking as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high to very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 3.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 6.7%.


USES

The timber is suitable for wall panelling, mouldings, plywood, solid door, flooring, furniture and fittings, non-impact tool handles, wooden sandals as well as packing boxes and crates. 


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bangkal

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sabah origin, for the timber of Nauclea spp., Neonauclea spp. and Ochreinauclea spp. (Rubiaceae). Vernacular names applied to this timber include bangkal (Sabah) with various epithets, jengkai (Sarawak), lenggaung (Sarawak), mangkal (Peninsular Malaysia) and mengkal (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Nauclea officinalis; Neonauclea pallida; and Ochreinauclea maingayi. The sapwood is lighter in colour and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is characterised by a bright yellow or orange hue.

Also known as Anggerit, Atap tun, Bengkal, Bengkal Udang, Gempol, Gonoebeli, Leharun, Lobani poete and Pedumba (Indonesia); Cheese wood and Yellow hardwood (Papua New Guinea); and Bangkal, Hambabalud, Kalamansanai, Lisak, Ludek, Malauisak, Southern bangkal, Tikim and Uisak (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard with a density of 335-980 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported that the timber works easily and finishes well.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to dry well with slight checking and warping.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, with radial shrinkage averages 1.3% and tangential shrinkage averages 3.2%.


USES

The rather rare occurrence of the trees precludes any extensive exploitation of the timber. The timber is suitable for plywood, flooring, furniture, ornamental items and pallets.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp. 

Baru

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Hibiscus spp. and Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae). Vernacular names applied include baru-baru (Peninsular Malaysia), baru laut (Sabah), bebaru (Peninsular Malaysia), bebaru bulu (Peninsular Malaysia), kali bang-bang (Sabah), kangsar (Peninsular Malaysia), langkubing (Sarawak), randog (Sabah) and tutor (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Hibiscus borneensis, H. campylosiphon, H. floccosus, H. macrophyllus, H. tiliaceus; and Thespesia populnea. The sapwood ranges from white to light yellow and is not defined to sharply defined from the heartwood, which varies from light yellow, light grey-brown, grey-black, purple black to red brown.

Also known as Baru, Bontoe, Waru, Waru gunong and Waroe (Indonesia); Silver hibiscus (Papua New Guinea); Gummamela de arana and Malubago (Philippines); and Ehaba (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 450-625 kg/m3 air dry.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine to slightly coarse and even, with straight, interlocked or twisted grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work and generally produces a smooth finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well but is highly susceptible to blue stain. 


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage of timber during seasoning is low in H. tiliaceus and moderate to high in H. campylosiphon.


USES

The timber is used for local house building, interior finishing, mouldings, wag-on frame, vehicle shafts, household implements, tool handles, picture frames, carving, tooth picks, matches and match boxes and fencing. Paper manufactured from H. tiliaceus pulp is of low quality as the fibres are short (0.7-1.3 mm) and is only suitable for wrapping paper.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp. 

Batai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Albizia spp. (excluding A. splendens) and Paraserianthes falcataria (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied appear to be very uniform in that only batai with various epithets is used throughout the country. Major species include Albizia chinensis, A. dolichandena, A. lebbeck, A. pedicellata; and Paraserianthes falcataria. The sapwood is not always defined from the heartwood, which is white to light brown with a pink tinge.

Also known as Siris (India); Jeungjing, Sengon, Sengon laut and Sika (Indonesia); White albizia (Papua New Guinea); and Moluccan sau (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to hard and light to very heavy with a density of 270-880 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is not easily treated, especially the heartwood.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and even with deeply interlocked and spiral grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

Only P. falcataria, representing the lighter species has been tested at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001)


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the surface produced is smooth.

  
NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good, although it has been reported that this timber does not hold nails satisfactorily.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with slight end-checking, splitting and insect attack as the main sources of degrade. The timber is also very prone to sapstain fungal attack. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high. Radial shrinkage averages 2%, while tangential shrinkage averages 3.7%.


MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.


USES

The timber is suitable for general utility purposes, picture frames, artificial limbs and plywood. Paraserianthes falcataria is widely planted as a source of fast growing industrial timber.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. PermissibleStress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bayur

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Pterospermum spp. (Sterculiaceae). Vernacular names applied include litak (Sabah). Major species include P. diversifolium, P. jackianum, P. javanicum and P. subpeltatum. The sapwood is creamy white to light yellow-brown and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is light red-brown and darkens to brown on exposure.

Also known as Hathipaila and Mayene (India); Badjo, Bajoe, Bajur Sulawesi, Banjoro, Bayur, Bodja, Medang lintah and Roembei (Indonesia); Taungpetwun (Myanmar); Bayok and Kulatingan (Philippines); and Welang (Sri Lanka).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and has been classified under Light Hardwood with a density of 385-705 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions but would be moderately durable under cover.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber can be easily treated with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse and even with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work and produces a smooth finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly fast with little degrade except for sapstaining. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high. Radial shrinkage averages 2% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.7%.


USES

The timber is suitable for temporary light construction, flooring, cladding, planking, joinery, cabinet making, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, tool handles for non-impact purposes, furniture, joists and staircase (apron lining, baluster, balustrade, carriage, handrail, riser, stringer, sprandrel framing, tread, bullnose, round end and winder).


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. malayan Forest Service trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bayur Bukit

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Schoutenia spp. (Tiliaceae). No other vernacular names have been recorded and only one species attains commercial size, viz. S. accrescens. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is purple-grey-brown.

Also known as Walikukun (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 945-995 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is moderately durable when exposed to the weather.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

Even though the timber is hard, it has been reported to be easy to work.


USES

Uses of the timber include house building, tool handles, agriculture implements, sporting goods and charcoal.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bebatu

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Euphorbiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesia origin, is KAYU BESI. Vernacular names applied include bedik (Peninsular Malaysia), dusun-dusun (Sabah) and kayu dusun (Sabah). Only one species is recorded for this region. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is rose-brown.

Also known as Kayu besi (Indonesia); Bok khay (Laos); A kaang, Khe-non and Samphao (Thailand); and Cay lo le, Chimas and Co kei (Vietnam).

  
DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 610-1,040 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reported to be non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight or interlocked grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

Since the timber is non-siliceous, it is probably easy to work despite its hardness.


USES

The timber has been reported to be used for tool handles and temporary construction.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bebusok

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Cassia spp. and Senna siamea (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include barung-barung (Sabah), bereksa (Peninsular Malaysia), busok-busok (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) and langgong (Sabah). Major species include Cassia javanica ssp. nodosa and Senna siamea. The sapwood is white or yellow and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light orange-brown in C. javanica ssp. nodosa and dark brown to almost black with lighter streaks of wood parenchyma in Senna siamea.

Also known as Bo pruk and Ngay xanh (Cambodia); Amaltas, Beati and Vakai (India); Bobondelan, Boking-boking, Johar and Trengguli (Indonesia); Khoun loy and Khi lek (Laos); Mezali, Ngu, Nguthein and Taung mezali (Myanmar); Angkanh, Antsoan, Golden shower and Pink shower (Philippines); Chaiyaphruk, Kalapaphruk, Kalaphruk, Khilek, Kilet (Thailand); and Muong and Muong den (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 600-1,010 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is expected to be moderately durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and even, with interlocked grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be difficult to work but finishes well.


AIR DRYING

It is reputed to season well with little degrade.


USES

The timber is suitable for posts, furniture manufacture, tool handles, mallets and wooden pallets.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bebuta

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Excoecaria spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include buta-buta (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Only one species attains timber size, viz. E. agallocha. The straw-coloured sapwood is normally not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pink-white to pale brown in colour.

Also known as Geon (India); Bintaos laut, Kokoboeta, Menengan and Penggung (Indonesia); Gewa (Pakistan); Buta-buta (Philippines); Tatum (Thailand); and Gia (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 340-780 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight or interlocked grain.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is moderate.


USES

The timber has been used for the manufacture of toys, furniture, packing boxes and crates, wooden sandals and also as fuelwood and charcoal.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bekak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for some species of the timber of Aglaia sect. Amoora (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include kedondong kijau (Peninsular Malaysia), lantupak paya (Sabah), merelang (Peninsular Malaysia), pasak lingga (Peninsular Malaysia), segera (Sarawak), which include other members of the family and lantupak (Sabah), which also include other members of the family. Major species include A. lawii, A. macrocarpa, A. malaccensis, A.multinervis, A. rubiginosa and A. spectabilis. The sapwood is straw-coloured and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brick-red or dark red and becomes dark red-brown or walnut-brown on exposure.

Also known as Amali and Amoora (India); Bunjau, Kolaka, Lempega gunung, Parak api, Perak seluang, Tenge and Woloe lakoe (Indonesia); Mai Kuang Deng and Nok Kok (Laos); Amoora and Aukchinza-ni (Myanmar); Amoor (Pakistan); Amoora (Papua New Guinea), Kato (Philippines); Ta-sua (Thailand); and Goi noc (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and moderately heavy to heavy and has been classified under Medium Hardwood with a density of 705-1,025 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and even, with interlocked and irregular grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to slightly difficult to resaw and is difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the planed surface is smooth.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as excellent.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with only slight cupping, bowing, end-checking and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 month to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months. 


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, especially in the radial direction, which averages 2.4% while the tangential shrinkage also averages 2.4%.


USES

The timber is suitable for light to medium construction, decking, flooring (heavy traffic), power-line posts when treated, posts, beams, joists, rafters, pallets (heavy and permanent types), tool handles (impact), staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets, apron linings, baluster and balustrade) and boat planking.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bekoi

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Crypteronia spp. (Crypteroniaceae). Vernacular names applied include bekoi daun nipis (Peninsular Malaysia), bekoi daun tebal (Peninsular Malaysia), kinkidon mantok (Sabah), rambai-rambai (Sabah), tampasu (Sabah), teletang (Sarawak), telinga badak (Peninsular Malaysia), ubah samak (Sarawak) and ubah semut (Sarawak). Major species include C. borneensis, C. griffithii, C. macrophylla and C. paniculata (var. affinis and var. paniculata). The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white or light brown with a pink or purple-pink tinge.

Also known as Trap toum (Cambodia); Djampoe, Engkolot, Kanabenti, Koembaa, Marotoewa tomo and Langori (Indonesia); �sa am (Laos); Anambo yon (Myanmar); Tiaui and Tigauon (Philippines); Ka som, Ka-am and Khap (Thailand); and Loi (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 545-800 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is moderately durable under cover.


TEXTURE

The texture of the timber is rather fine and even, with straight or slightly wavy grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well.


USES

The timber is suitable as a general utility timber as well as for furniture, flooring and interior finish.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Belian

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Eusideroxylon zwageri (Lauraceae). Occasionally, the tree is known as tambulian in Sabah, while the European trade name for this timber is Borneo ironwood. The timber is monotypic. The sapwood is bright yellow when fresh, darkens on exposure and is sharply defined from the heartwood which is light brown to almost bright yellow when fresh and darkens on exposure to deep reddish brown, becoming very dark brown or almost black with age.

Also know asn Belian (Brunei); Borneo Ironwood (European Union); Belian, Onglen, Tebelian, Tulian and Ulin (Indonesia); and Biliran, Sakian and Tambulian (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is exceptionally hard and heavy and it has been classified under Heavy Hardwood with a density of 835-1,185 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is one of the most durable in the world.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is extremely resistant to preservative treatment.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to fine and even with grain fairly straight or shallowly interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work despite its high density and produces a smooth and often lustrous surface.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with a tendency for checking and splitting.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage averages 4.5%.


USES

The timber is suitable for all heavy constructional works, marine construction, boat construction, fence posts, heavy duty industrial flooring, decking, fender supports, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, mallets, shingles, columns (heavy duty) and other works where high strength and durability are required. 


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Berangan

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Castanopsis spp. (Fagaceae). Vernacular names applied include berangan (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, kogopon (Sabah), maruwit (Sarawak) and various other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include C. borneensis, C. buruana, C. clemensii, C.curtisii, C. endertii, C. evansii, C. foxworthyi, C. fulva, C. hypophoenicea, C. inermis, C. javanica, C. malaccensis, C.microphylla, C. motleyana, C. oviformis, C. paucispina, C. psilophylla, C. rhamnifolia and C. schefferiana. The sapwood is light brown, often with a greenish tinge and sharply defined from the heartwood, which is dark brown or dark red-brown.

Also know as Indian chestnut (India); Saninten (Indonesia); Fan, Ko and Ko deng (Laos); Katia (Mynmar); New Guinea oak (Papua New Guinea); Gasa and Philippines chestnut (Philippines); Khoduiy, Kholaem, Ko and Ko nam (Thailand); and Ca-oi (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy. It has been classified under Light Hardwood with a density of 610-980 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Standard graveyard tests on C. malaccensis revealed that the timber has an average life span of 2.6 years (Tam, 1983). This thus placed the timber in the borderline between moderately and non-durable. Previous records, however, show that berangan is generally not durable, being susceptible to fungal, powder post and ambrosia beetle attacks (Foxworthy, 1930; Desch, 1957).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

The texture is coarse and uneven due to the irregular distribution of the vessels. Grain is fairly straight but sometimes interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Berangan

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 12,000 58 31.5 4.94 8.2

MACHINING PROPERTIES  

It is moderately easy to resaw and easy to cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly without any defects, except for some staining. 25 mm thick boards take 5 months to air dry.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.5%.


DEFECTS

Berangan logs are generally free from defects. However, they are very susceptible to termite attacks.


USES

The timber is suitable for medium to heavy construction under cover, furniture, packing boxes and crates, pallets (expendable type), door and window frames and sills, staircase (carriage and newel), tool handles (impact), railway sleepers, joinery, cabinet-making and plywood.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Reserach Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.  
  2. Desch, H.E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  3. Foxworthy, F.W. 1930. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No. 8.
  4. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Sim, H.C., 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Berangan. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 86. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.
  7. Tam. M.K. 1983. Unpublished reports, FRI, Kepong.
  8. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Biku-biku

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Bhesa spp. (Celastraceae). Vernacular names applied include benak (Peninsular Malaysia), medang tandok (Peninsular Malaysia), serunai (Sarawak) and simun (Sarawak). Major species include B. paniculata and B. robusta. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is brown with a purple-red tinge.


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 725-835 kg/m3 air dry.


TEXTURE

The texture is fine and uneven, with interlocked grain.


USES

The timber of biku-biku is used for general construction under cover such as beams and posts and possibly for cabinet making, panelling and mouldings where a decorative wood is required.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bintangor

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Calophyllum spp. (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include bintangor (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, bakokol (Sarawak), entangor (Sarawak) and penaga laut (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Major species include C. biflorum, C. calaba var. bracteatum, C. canum, C. coriaceum, C. depressinervosum, C. ferrugineum var. ferrugineum, C. inophyllum, C. macrocarpum, C. pulcherrimum, C. sclerophyllum, C. symingtonianum, C. tetrapterum, C. teysmannii var. inophylloide and C. wallichianum (var. wallichianum and var. incrassatum). The sapwood is yellow-brown with a pink tinge and is well defined from the heartwood, which is deep red, red-brown, pink-brown or orange-brown.

Also known as Calophyllum (Australia); Bintangor (Brunei); Kathing and Phaong (Cambodia); Damanu (Fiji); Poon (India); Bintangur (Indonesia); Mai song (Laos); Ponnyet, Poon, Tharapi and Thitpyauk (Myanmar); Tamanou (New Caledonia & New Hebrides); Calophyllum (Papua New Guinea); Bitanghol and Bitaog (Philippines); Fetau and Tamanu (Samoa Islands); Ba�ula, Dalo and Kaila (Soloman Islands); Bintangoer, Domba-gass, Gunikina, Gurukina and Walukina (Sri Lanka); Ka Than Han, Ka Than Lan, Krathing and Tang Hon (Thailand); and Cong trang (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 465-865 kg/m3 and an average density of 640 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The natural durability of this timber ranges from moderately durable (C. ferrugineum var. ferrugineum) to non durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Bintangor can be categorised as moderately difficult to treat with preservatives.  

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and uneven, with interlocked, spiral or wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Bintangor

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
C. curtisii Green - - 32.8 3.19 7.2
Air dry - - - - -
C. retusum Green 12,100 52 26.5 - 7.9
Air dry 14,300 74 36.7 - 10.8
C. inophyllum Green - - 29.3 - 10.6
Air dry - - - - -

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth to moderately smooth.

Machining Properties of Bintangor

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
C. curtisii Green easy easy easy moderately smooth easy fairly smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy fairly smooth slightly rough -
C. inophyllum Green easy easy easy smooth easy slightly rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy slightly rough easy slightly rough
C. retusum Green easy easy easy smooth to moderately smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is poor.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning characteristics of some of the species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
C. calaba
var. bracteatum 		4 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checks, splitting. Slight cupping and spring.
C. ferrugineum
var. ferrugineum 		3 4.5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checks. Slight cupping, bowing and insect attacks.
C. inophyllum 3 5 Fairly slow drying; slight surface-checking and insect attacks.
C. rigidum 2 - Fairly rapid drying; moderate spring; slight bowing, splitting and surface-checking.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule A is recommended. The timber dries moderately fast without much degrades, except for slight warping and end-checking. The timber kiln-dries from 50 to 10% moisture content in approximately 8 days.


Kiln Schedule A

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 95 35.0 87 30.5 70
60 95 35.0 83 28.5 60
40 100 38.0 84 29.0 50
30 110 43.5 88 31.5 40
20 120 48.5 92 34.0 35
15 140 60.0 105 40.5 30

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of bintangor is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
C. calaba var. bracteatum 2.1 3.3 Fairly high shrinkage
C. ferrugineum var. ferrugineum 2 3.7 Fairly high shrinkage
C. inophyllum 1.4 2.0 Moderate shrinkage
C. rigidum 1.6 2.9 Fairly high shrinkage

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.

DEFECTS

Bintangor is generally sound except for slight spongy heart in some logs. The logs are rarely attacked by borers.  

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction, flooring, decking, panelling, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, furniture, railway sleepers, ornamental items, posts, beams, joists, rafters, decorative solid door, ship and boat building (masts, spars, oars and helms), diving boards, plywood, wooden pallets (expendable type), door and window frames (internal use only) and staircase (angle blocks, rough bracket and apron lining). In several regions, the wood is much sought after for masts, spars, bridge work and scaffolding.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdul Rashid A. Malik. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Bintangor. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 89. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp. 
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Binuang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae). Vernacular name applied appears to be rather uniform in that only binuang is used throughout the country. Only one species has been recorded in the country. The sapwood is white with a greyish tinge and is moderately sharply defined from the heartwood which is buff to pale brown or sometimes pinkish brown.

Also known as Banuang, Benoea, Benuang, Binuang bini and Winuang (Indonesia); Erima, Ilimo and Irima (Papua New Guinea); and Barong, Barousan, Bilus and Binuang (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light and has been classified under Light Hardwood with a density of 270-465 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is easy to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work and produces a smooth finish.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is fair.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with severe checking, splitting and distortion as the major defects. The timber is also subject to sapstain fungal attack.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high with radial shrinkage averages 3% while tangential shrinkage averages 7%.


USES

The timber is suitable for plywood, packing boxes and crates, concrete shuttering, match boxes, disposable chopsticks and other light and temporary works.  


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bitis

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timbers of Madhuca utilis, Palaquium ridleyi and P. stellatum (Sapotaceae). Bitis is essentially a Peninsular Malaysian name and in Sabah and Sarawak, the timber is not differentiated from the lighter species and they are sold together as nyatoh. Other vernacular names recorded include belian (Peninsular Malaysia) and seminai (Peninsular Malaysia). The sapwood is yellow-brown to purple-grey-brown and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is red-brown to purple- or chocolate-red-brown.

Also known as Bitis and Nyatoh (Brunei); Mahua, Nyatoh,Nyatuh Abang, Seminai and Sulewe (Indonesia); Meze kamzaw (Myanmar), Kajoe torong (Papua New Guinea); Betis and Maloba (Philippines); and Chik-nom, Khanun-nok, Ma Sang and Ma Sarng (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 820-1,200 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The standard graveyard tests conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) have shown that the average service life of M. utilis is 5.5 years under the external exposed conditions and thus, it is classified as durable according to the Malaysian classification (Mohd Dahlan et al 1987).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 1 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Bitis (M. utilis)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 21,900 123 73.6 12.21 11.3
Air dry 23,800 171 90.3 12.48 15.4

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw, easy to slightly difficult to cross-cut. Planing is slightly difficult but the planed surface is smooth.


Sawing and Woodworking Properties of Bitis (M. utilis)

Condition of test Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy slightly difficult smooth slightly difficult slightly rough, tendency to split - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult smooth slightly rough slightly difficult difficult rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with moderate end-checking, splitting and surface-checking as the major sources of defects. 38 mm thick boards take approximately 6 months to air dry.


KILN-DRYING

The kiln-drying properties of bitis have not been evaluated. However, based on the physical properties as well as the air drying properties of the timber, it is envisaged that the timber is fairly difficult to dry. A mild schedule (e.g. Schedule B) should therefore be used.


Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 60.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high. Radial shrinkage averages 2.8% while tangential shrinkage averages 4%.


USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, bridges, marine construction, piling, posts, beams, joists, rafters, railway sleepers, flooring (heavy traffic), fender supports, poles, mallets, tool handles (impact), laboratory benches, heavy duty furniture, columns (heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, staircase (newels, risers, treads, bullnoses, round ends and winders), vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.  
  2. Grewal, G.S. 1979b. Kiln-drying Characteristics of Some Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 42. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 20 pp.  
  3. Lim, S.C. 1989. Malaysian Timbers – Bitis. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 110. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp.
  4. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. Mohd Dahlan Jantan & Tam Mun Kwong (1987) – Natural Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 28. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Buah Keras Laut

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Hernandiaceae). Vernacular names applied include baru laut (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species has been recorded for this country, viz. H. nymphaeifolia. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white or light olive-brown.

Also know as Evuevu (Fiji); Palatu (India); Bengkak, Morobiaoe and Moroembeaoe (Indonesia); and Koron-koron (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 350-435 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILTY

It is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber can be easily treated with preservatives.

  
TEXTURE

The texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is very easy to work.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well but is susceptible to blue stain.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is moderate.


USES

The timber is suitable for furniture, fish-net floats, wooden sandals and drawing boards.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Bungor

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Lagerstroemia spp. (Lythraceae). Vernacular name applied appears to be rather uniform in that bungor is used throughout the country. Major species include L. floribunda, L. ovalifolia and L. speciosa. The sapwood is light yellow-brown to grey-white, sometimes with a pink tinge, merging gradually into the heartwood, which is pale red-brown and darkens on exposure.

Also known as Banglang and Sralao (Cambodia); Benteak, Jarul, Lendi and Pyinma (India); Bungur, Langoti and Oindoloe (Indonesia); Khi mu, Mai ka ka lao tia, Mai peuay dam, Peuay khok and Peuay si da (Laos); Pyinma (Myanmar); Jarul (Pakistan); Banaba (Philippines); Banlang, Intanin, Salao, Tabeak and Tabek (Thailand); and Banglang and Banlang (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 515-785 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to rather coarse but uneven due to the ring-porous nature of the wood. Grain is straight or slightly interlocked, occasionally conspicuously wavy.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to saw and work well and produces a smooth finish. However, it is very difficult to peel even after boiling for 48 hours.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season well with very little degrade.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is reported to be high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4%.


USES

The timber is one of the rare Malaysian timbers to have a ring-porous arrangement and thus produces a pleasing growth-ring figure. The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, furniture, plywood and decking.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Chempaka

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of the family Magnoliaceae. Vernacular names applied include chempaka with various epithets in almost all parts of the country, e.g. chempaka bulu (Sabah), chempaka hutan (Peninsular Malaysia), kepayang ambok (Sabah), ketapang ambok (Sabah) and very often medang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets in error, e.g. medang limo (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Magnolia bintuluensis, M. candolli var. obovata, M. champaca, M. elegans, M. montana, M. scortechinii and M. tsiampacca subsp. mollis. The sapwood is white to light yellow and is moderately distinct from the heartwood, which is light brown with a green tinge.

Also known as Oulia champa and Sefan (India); Champ, Kempaka and Utap-utap (Indonesia); Champa (Laos); Sagawa (Myanmar); Champaka and Sandit (Philippines); Bapu and Sapu (Sri Lanka); Champa (Thailand); and Gioi and Su (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately soft and light to moderately heavy with a density of 300-705 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to work easily and produces a smooth finish.

AIR DRYING

It seasons fairly slowly, without any serious defects except for some insect attacks. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.4%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type III.

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction, interior finishing, joinery, cabinet making, panelling and partitioning, furniture, flooring, pallets (expendable type) and staircase (angle blocks, balusters, balustrades, riser, tread, bullnose, round ends and winder, rough brackets and apron lining).  

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Chenderai

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Grewia spp. and Microcos spp. (Tiliaceae). Vernacular names applied include bunsi (Sarawak), damak-damak (Peninsular Malaysia) and kerudong (Sabah). Major species include Grewia polygama; Microcos antidesmifolia, M. cinnamomifolia, M. fibrocarpa, M. lanceolata, M. latifolia, M. laurifolia, M. triflora and M. tomentosa. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is in various shades of brown, pink-brown or light purple-brown, often becoming grey-brown on exposure.

Also known as Dhaman (India); Boenoe, Bunsui, Darowak, Gendarang, Kimangar and Talok (Indonesia); Myat-ya and Tayaw (Myanmar); Dangling, Kamuling and Maladanglin (Philippines); and Lai, Po lai, Po-muen and Yap (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 415-900 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked and sometimes spiral grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be fairly stony and tough. It is reputed to work well and finishes very well.

AIR DRYING

Seasoning properties are reported to be good although the timber is susceptible to sapstain.

USES

The timber of Grewia is generally used for small articles where toughness is required, like tool handles, spades, shafts of golf sticks, shoulder poles for carrying small loads, pestles, bows, billiard cues and shingles. On the other hand, the timber of Microcos is used for general construction under cover (e.g. rafters) and also for small objects where strength and elasticity are required (e.g. tool handles, agricultural implements, sporting goods and vehicle bodies). Tests indicated that the timber of this species might be suitable for pulping.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Chengal

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include penak (Peninsular Malaysia). The name chengal is so popular, that many other species have been given vernacular names bearing the name chengal. Neobalanocarpus is a monotypic genus. The sapwood is light yellow and sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown with a distinct green tinge, darkening on exposure to dark purple-brown or rust-red.

Also known as Chengal (Brunei); and Chan Ta Khien, Chi-ngamat, Takian Chan and Takian Chantamaeo (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 915-980 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is classified as naturally durable and is normally very resistant to termite attack and fungal infestation. Under graveyard test conditions, untreated specimens of size 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm lasted 9 years. Treated specimen of the same size and test conditions lasted about 19 years. Untreated railway sleepers of size 238 mm x 125 mm x 1,950 mm laid under severe environmental conditions gave an average service life of 19 years.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

This timber has been classified as moderately difficult to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with shallowly to deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 1 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Chengal

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 18,100 122 69 12 14
Air dry 19,600 149 75 12 14

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to resaw and is easy to moderately easy to cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is smooth.


Machining Properties of Chengal

Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Ripsawing Cross-cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult moderately easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with moderate end-checking and surface-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule B is recommended. The timber dries very slowly and is extremely prone to surface-checking. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 30 days to kiln-dry from 50% to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 80.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.6%.

DEFECTS

Small pin-holes, caused by ambrosia beetles boring into the living trees, are a common and characteristic defect of chengal. These small holes are often numerous, but although unsightly, they are only in exceptional cases sufficiently numerous to impair the strength of the timber. These ambrosia beetles die when the timber is seasoned and thus the damage is restricted almost entirely to that which occurs in the green timber. Big trees of chengal are sometimes hollow at the centre and badly attacked by large borers, and occasional trees are seriously infected by a fungus (Fomes spp.), which initially gains entry through broken branches or other wounds and eventually reduces the timber to a dark pulpy condition. With the exception of pin holes, the timber of chengal is free from knots and other defects characteristic of sawn timber.

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, railway sleepers, heavy duty furniture, laboratory benches, bridges, marine construction, boat building, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, piling, mallets, flooring (heavy traffic), decking, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), fender supports, cooling towers (structural members), staircase (balusters, carriages, handrails, newels, risers, stringers, treads, bullnoses, round ends and winders), columns (heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, tool handles (impact), carving works and other uses where strength and durability are required.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D.T. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Chengal. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid TImber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Chinta Mulia

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Erythroxylum spp. (Erythroxylaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is MERPITAS. Vernacular names applied include ketai mula (Peninsular Malaysia), perapat burong (Sabah) and seri mula (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include E. cuneatum. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is rose-brown.

Also known as Asau, Djenging, Kibeureum, Merpitas, Merpitis, Piling, Tailan and Tebakau putih (Indonesia); and Manambo (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 720-1,010 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be fairly durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw and work well although the cutter knives are blunted rapidly due to the presence of abundant crystals in the timber.

USES

The small and gnarled stems of this species preclude any extensive utilisation of the timber. The straighter trees may be suitable for fence posts and poles.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Damar Minyak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Agathis spp. (Araucariaceae). Vernacular names applied include bindang (Sarawak), bulok (Sarawak), bulu (Sarawak),  kayu jadi (Sarawak), Malayan kauri (Peninsular Malaysia), manggilan (Sabah), Sabah agathis (Sabah), salang (Sabah), tumu (Sarawak), tangilan (Sabah), tungilan (Sabah), tubu (Sarawak) and tumuh (Sarawak). Major species include A. borneensis, A. endertii, A. flavescens, A. kinabaluensis, A. lenticula and A. orbicula. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is buff or cream, sometimes with a pink tinge and darkens into a light golden brown.

Also known as Kauri (Australia); Tulong (Brunei); Ndaku (Fiji); Agathis, Bembueng, Dammar pilau, Dammar raja, Fuko, Goga, Hedje, Kayu dammar putih, Kessi, Kisi, Salo and Solo (Indonesia); Kauri and Kauri pine (New Zealand); Kauri pine (Papua New Guinea); and Almaciga and Dayungon (Philippines).


DENSITY

It is a Softwood timber with a density of 360-660 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions. The timber is subject to dry-wood termite attacks and is rapidly destroyed by rotting fungi. The timber is however immune to powder-post beetles attack. Damar minyak treated with creosote to an average absorption of 630 kg/m3 (39.4 Ib/ft3) showed great durability when tested. Forty test sticks were buried in 1965 and all of these sticks are still sound after 15 years of burial.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as extremely easy to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with straight grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Damar Minyak

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 10,500 43 22 - 7
Air dry 12,000 65 34 - 7

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth and lustrous.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with slight cupping, bowing, end-checking, splitting, insect and fungal attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.5%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type I.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally remarkably free from defects except for occasional shot holes which are evenly distributed. Spiral grains have been recorded, although only on rare occasions.

USES

The timber is highly prized as an interior finishing timber and is suitable for panelling, mouldings, high class joinery, pencil, plywood, furniture, drawing boards, disposable chopsticks, tooth picks, pattern-making and staircase (apron linings, handrail and sprandrel framing).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Damar Minyak. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 43. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.
  5. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dark Red Meranti

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the dark red and lightweight timber of the genus Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names used include meranti (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, seraya (Sabah) with various epithets, nemesu (Peninsular Malaysia), nemusu (Peninsular Malaysia), seraya (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), obar suluk (Sabah) and also various local names too numerous to list here. Major species producing this timber include S. acuminata (partly), S. argentifolia, S. curtisii, S. ovata, S. monticola, S. pauciflora, S. platyclados and S. slootenii. The sapwood is pink with a grey tinge and is not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is medium red to deep red to deep red-brown.  

Also known as Dark Red Meranti (Brunei); Meranti ketuko, Meranti Merah and Meranti merah tua (Indonesia); Dark red Lauan, Dark Red Philippines Mahogany, Mayapis, Red lauan, Tangile and Tiaong (Philippines); and Saya and Saya-Daeng (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 415-885 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The standard graveyard tests on untreated specimens carried out by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) have classified dark red meranti as moderately durable with an average service life ranging from about 2.0 years (S. singkawang) to 3.9 years (S. platyclados). For the species S. curtisii, S. pauciflora, S. platyclados and S. acuminata, the heartwood is classified as moderately durable (with an average service life of 2-5 years). Similar tests on S. pauciflora at Princess Risborough (U.K.) have indicated that the timber is moderately durable with a service life of 10-15 years (under temperate conditions). The sapwood of dark red meranti is susceptible to dry-wood termite attacks, which may eventually spread to the heartwood. However, an initial invasion of the heartwood is less likely to occur. Untreated timber of S. curtisii was only slightly attacked by marine borers after eight months submergence at Port Klang (Thomas, 1933). Preliminary work done by Oliver & Woods (1957, 1959) have tentatively classified dark red meranti as resistant to such attacks.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is difficult to treat with preservatives. Generally, it was found that all forms of meranti (including dark red meranti) absorb less preservative than kempas and keruing when subjected to identical treatments.  


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even, with interlocked grain. 

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Dark Red Meranti

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
S. acuminata Green 10,500 54 27.4 2.41 6.3
Air dry - - - - -
S. curtisii Green 12,800 69 36.3 3.86 7.2
Air dry 13,900 90 45.4 5.03 8.0
S. pauciflora Green 12,700 71 37.7 3.45 7.5
Air dry - - - - -
S. platyclados Green 11,300 58 30.0 2.69 6.3
Air dry 12,100 77 39.6 4.14 8.7
S. singkawang Green 10,100 55 31.8 3.03 7.6
Air dry 11,200 74 38.8 2.97 8.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and produces a smooth planed surface.

Machining Properties Dark Red Meranti

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. acuminata (part only; the darker coloured varieties) Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth
S. curtisii Green easy easy easy smooth to slightly smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy smooth - -
S. pauciflora Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth
S. platyclados Green very easy easy easy smooth moderately easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth moderately easy smooth easy smooth
S. singkawang Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy slightly rough easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of some species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
S. curtisii 2 3 Fairly fast drying; free from seasoning defects.
S. pauciflora 2.5 4 Fairly fast drying; free from seasoning defects.
S. platyclados 2 4 Fairly fast drying; free from seasoning defects.
S. singkawang 3 5 Fairly slow drying rate; free from seasoning defects.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule F is recommended. The timber dries rapidly without any degrade.

Kiln Schedule F

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 111 44.0 75
60 120 48.5 109 43.0 70
40 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
30 130 54.5 109 43.0 50
25 140 60.0 115 46.0 45
20 155 68.0 124 51.0 40
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species tested is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
S. curtisii 2 4.1 High shrinkage
S. pauciflora 1.7 2.9 High shrinkage
S. platyclados 2.1 4.4 High shrinkage
S. singkawang 1.1 3.4 Fairly high shrinkage, especially in the tangential direction.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type I and Type II.

DEFECTS

All timbers in the meranti group are liable to be attacked by shot-hole and pin-hole beetles, but the attack is usually not serious in species of dark red meranti. Although most of these attacks take place in the living trees, any delay in extraction after felling may also lead to serious damage. Spongy heart is a common defect in the red meranti group. Timber with this defect is exceptionally brittle and may result in compression failure and the corresponding reduction in strength properties. In a study of logs of dark red meranti and light red meranti from Perak state, about 30 logs of seraya (S. curtisii), over 40 logs of nemesu (S. pauciflora) and more than 100 logs of light red meranti were found to contain varying degree of spongy heart. This presence of spongy heart was less severe and also less spread in dark red meranti than in light red meranti . But large sized logs of dark red meranti (both seraya and nemesu) tend to rot away at the centre leaving a hollow core with active termite attack on the fringes (Mohd. Alwy, 1961). One prominent feature of dark red meranti is the presence of exceptionally numerous and conspicuous lines of resin canals, which may be objectional to some user. Small resin pockets are present but they are seldom numerous. One case was noted in which abnormally large horizontal resin canals in S. ovata marred the appearance of the sawn timber.

USES

The timber is suitable for joinery, furniture, high class interior finishing, flooring, decking, panelling, partitioning, mouldings, skirtings, fancy doors, door and window frames and sills, staircase (angle blocks, rough bracket and tread), plywood, railway sleepers, posts, beams, joists, rafters, pallets (expendable type), vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework and general planking), cooling tower (non structural members) and other light constructional works.

REFERENCES

  1. Choo, K. T. & Lim, S. C. 1982. Malaysian Timbers � Dark Red Meranti. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 69. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 14 pp.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. Mohd. Alwy bin Hj. Sulaiman. 1961. Report on Forest Administration For The Year 1961. Federation Of Malaya Forestry Department, Malaya.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Oliver, A. C. & Woods, R. P. 1957 & 1959. First and Second Reports on a Study of The Natural Resistance of Certain Timber Species to Marine Borers. T.D.A.
  7. Redding, L. W. 1971. Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote. For. Prod. Res. Bulletin No. 54. H.M.S.O. London.
  8. Thomas, A. V. 1933. Marine Borer Tests in Malaya. Mal. For. 11. pp. 179.
  9. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dedali

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard name for the timber of Strombosia javanica (Olacaceae). Vernacular names applied include bayam badak (Kedah, Perak and Pahang) and belian landak (Sarawak). This is a monotypic timber. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is pale yellow with an olive-brown tinge, darkening to light orange-brown.

Also known as Entelung and Kayu Kacang (Indonesia); and Banata (Myanmar).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and moderately heavy. It has been classified under Light Hardwood with a density of 580-720 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight or interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).  


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is smooth on the tangential side and slightly rough due to grain pick-up on the radial side.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly with moderate amount of cupping, twisting, end-checking and surface-checking as the main sources of degrade. The timber is very prone to insect attack during drying. 13 mm thick boards take 7 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 12 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.4% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.5%.


USES

The timber is suitable for general utility purposes, medium construction under cover, posts, beams, joists, rafters, railway sleepers, packing boxes and crates, joinery, cabinet-making, plywood, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets, apron lining and balustrades), pallets for both expendable and permanent types (light duty) and furniture. In Indonesia, it has been successfully used in the manufacture of bent works like badminton rackets.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber:Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dedap

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Erythrina spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include dadap (Sabah). Major species include E. fusca and E. variegata. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale straw- or buff-coloured.

Also known as Dedap (Indonesia); Kathit (Myanmar); Dap-dap (Philippines); and Thong lang (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 240-380 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable and susceptible to sapstain fungi and dry-wood termites.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven due to the presence of broad rays and the abundant parenchyma. Grain is straight, shallowly interlocked or wavy.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work but difficult to finish because of the coarse texture.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is moderate to high.


USES

The lightweight wood of dedap is suitable for use as floats for outrigger canoes and fishing-nets, surfboards, dugout canoes, shields, spears, helmet, insulator boards, wooden shoes, carving, kitchen utensils and match splints.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dedaru

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard name for the timber of Cantleya corniculata (Icacinaceae). Vernacular names applied include bedaru (Peninsular Malaysia) and samala (Sabah). This is a monotypic timber. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is yellow-pink-brown.

Also known as Samala (Brunei); and Bedaru, Garu buaya, Mendaru and Seranai (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and very heavy with a density of 1,105-1,140 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to slightly difficult to resaw and moderately easy to cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly, with only slight surface-checking, insect and fungal attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.9%.

USES

It is a very good timber for medium and heavy construction, heavy duty furniture, laboratory benches, posts, beams, joists, rafters, marine construction, flooring (heavy traffic), decking, railway sleepers, heavy duty columns, heavy duty and permanent types of pallets as well as ornamental items. It is the favourite timber for making tops.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Delek

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Anisophyllea spp. (Anisophylleaceae). Vernacular names applied include delek (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, hampas dadah (Peninsular Malaysia), menengang (Sarawak), mertama (Sarawak), mopu (Sarawak), sial menahun (Sarawak), sireh-sireh (Sarawak), tengoda (Sarawak) and also various local names too numerous to list here. Major species include A. apetala, A. beccariana, A. corneri, A. disticha, A. ferruginea, A. grandis, A. griffithii and A. nitida. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pink-brown to orange-brown.

Also known as Kayu ribu (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and very heavy with a density of 800-980 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is medium to coarse and uneven due to the presence of the extremely large rays. Grain is fairly straight.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the surface produced is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without serious defects except for some slight end-checking. 25 mm thick boards take about 4 months to air dry.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.8%, while tangential shrinkage averages 7.1%.

USES

The timber with its broad rays and oak-like figure is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings and fancy furniture. The timber is also suitable for heavy and medium construction under cover,  tool handles (impact), plywood, flooring, walking sticks, fence posts, joists, beams, rafters, railway sleepers, joinery and cabinet making.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Derum

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the heavy timbers of Cratoxylum spp. (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include derum (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, belunchus (Peninsular Malaysia), dat tetong (Sarawak), entemu (Sarawak), geronggang (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) with various epithets, melan (Sarawak), mirinos (Sarawak), nyalin bahe (Sarawak), patok tilan (Sarawak), raja tugag (Sarawak), selangan biabas (Sabah), serungan (Sabah), serungan batu (Sabah) and sidodot (Sarawak). Major species include C. cochinchinense, C. formosum and C. maingayi. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown to red-brown with a purple tinge.

Also known as Batun, Gerunggung and Mampat (Indonesia); Geronggang (Brunei); Leuang, Tiou-tiou and Tiu som (Laos); Bebya (Myanmar); Guyong-guyong, Paguringon and Salinggogon (Philippines); and Tiu-khao and Tiu-kliang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy. It has been classified under Medium Hardwood with a density of 705-945 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight or interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and easy to difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to fairly easy and the planed surface is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly without any defects at all. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy and medium construction under cover, posts, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, tool handles (impact), pallets (expendable or permanent type), flooring, vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), plywood, door and window frames and sills, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), furniture, carving and ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dungun

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Heritiera littoralis (Sterculiaceae). Other vernacular names applied include dungun laut (Sabah). The sapwood is pale brown or pink-brown and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is red-brown, purplish brown to dark brown.

Also known as Kendraivinaya-lewak-alou and Rosorosa (Fiji); Dungon (Indonesia); Kanazo and Pinle-kanazo (Myanmar); Dungon and Dungon late (Philippines); and Du Hun and Ngonkai-thale (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 785-1,170 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked or irregular grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be difficult to saw and work but the finish is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber is difficult to season, with end-splitting and surface-checking as the major defects.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2% while tangential shrinkage averages 4.5%. 

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy and medium construction, piling, posts, boat building, tool handles (impact), flooring (heavy traffic) and staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder).

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Dungun Paya

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Engelhardtia spp. (Juglandaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is KAYU HUJAN. Vernacular names applied include entalun (Sarawak), paar (Peninsular Malaysia) and teraling (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include E. apoensis, E. roxburghiana, E. serrata and E. spicata. The sapwood is grey with a pink tinge or grey-brown with a purple tinge and is not sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light pink when fresh and darkens on exposure to light brown. A core of black or streaky timber is developed in some trees.

Also known as Moglaipoma (India); Kayu Hujan and Ki hujan (Indonesia); Engel (Papua New Guinea); Lupisan (Philippines); and Kha hot (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 380-715 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse and even, with straight, shallowly interlocked or slightly wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reputed to be easy to saw and work but the planed surface is rough.


AIR DRYING

The timber has been observed to season fairly rapidly with end-splitting and surface-checking as the main defects.  


USES

The timber is suitable for light construction under cover, weather boards, agriculture implements, mouldings, ornamental items, gunstocks and plywood. The darker corewood may be used for furniture.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Durian

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Coelostegia spp., Durio spp., Kostermansia sp. and Neesia spp. (Bombacaceae). Vernacular names applied include durian (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets as well as other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include Coelostegia borneensis, C. griffithii; Durio carinatus, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. lowianus, D. malaccensis, D. oxleyanus, D. singaporensis, D. wyatt-smithii, D. zibethinus; Kostermansia malayana; Neesia altissima, N. kostermansiana, N. malayana and N. synandra. The sapwood is almost white in Durio, pale yellow in Neesia and light orange-yellow in Coelostegia and is sharply defined in Durio and Neesia but only moderately sharply defined in Coelostegia, from the heartwood, which is pink-brown, grey-brown, brown with a red tinge or light orange-brown.

Also known as Durian (Brunei); Bengang, Durian, Durian hantu, Ki bengang and Sibengang (Indonesia); Durian (Philippines); and Chang haek and Turian (Thailand).

DENSITY

Durian is a Light Hardwood with a density of 420-865 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Four species of durian were tested for their durability by the standard graveyard test and the results indicated that durian timbers are not durable if exposed to natural Malaysian weather conditions. The test samples with dimension of 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm were destroyed in a relatively short period of time, for example, Neesia altissima (1.5 years), Durio lowianus (1.7 years) and Coelostegia griffithii (1.5 years) (Mohd Dahlan Jantan et. al., 1987). However, it should be stressed here that the above durability ratings are only applicable to Malaysia where termites are common and fungi are very active throughout the year. In temperate countries, however, the threat of ‘infestation’ by both insects and fungi are very much reduced and the durability of the timber will be greatly extended. 

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is easy to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and even in Neesia but uneven in Durio and Coelostegia, with straight to slightly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Durian

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
C. griffithii Green 14,300 71 38.5 4.00 8.3
Air dry 15,800 95 53.9 5.65 9.2
D. oxleyanus Green 10,600 55 27.4 2.96 7.2
Air dry 11,700 74 39.0 4.14 8.0
N. altissima Green 8,600 51 26.5 2.59 5.9
Air dry 9,500 65 32.5 2.72 6.8

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to slightly difficult to resaw and easy to difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to moderately easy and the planed surface is smooth to moderately smooth and sometimes even rough, especially in the radial boards.


Machining Properties of Durian

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
C. griffithii Green fairly easy difficult easy moderately smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult difficult moderately easy moderately smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth slightly difficult moderately difficult
D. oxleyanus Green easy easy easy smooth easy fairly smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy fairly smooth easy rough
D. zibethinus Green easy easy easy moderately smooth easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry - - - - - - - -
N. altissima Green easy easy easy rough, especially radial easy rough - -
Air dry - - - - - - - -

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property ranges from good to excellent.

AIR DRYING

Seasoning properties vary according to species, which are summarised as follows:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
C. griffithii 2.5 3.5 Moderately fast drying; moderate staining; slight dimensional movement and splits; shrinkage low.
D. oxleyanus 3 4 Fairly slow drying; moderate insect attack; slight cupping; shrinkage high.
N. altissima 1.5-2 3-4 Moderately fast drying; slight end-checking and splitting; average shrinkage.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule D is tentatively recommended for the drying of durian timbers. The timber of durian can be kiln-dried at a moderately fast rate with only slight twisting except for the timber of D. oxleyanus, which requires up to 1.5 months to dry boards of 70 mm x 127 mm with variable lengths. It is also recommended that sawn timber of durian be air dried for a minimum period of 2 weeks before being kiln-dried to save on cost.


Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

SHRINKAGE

 Shrinkage varies according to species, which are summarised as follows:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry)
Radial Tangential
C. griffithii 1.3 1.6
D. oxleyanus 2.4 4
N. altissima 1.3 2.4

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type IV.

DEFECTS

The logs of all the timber producing species of the Bombacaceae are normally sound and free of defects except for a small area of sponginess around the pith, and damage by ambrosia and, occasionally, longicorn beetles. An area of 2 to 3 inches (51 to 76 mm) of sponginess has been observed in logs of Durio spp. and Neesia altissima but the compression failures usually associated with this type of defect have not been encountered. The timber of species of Durio contains abundant starch, and, although not very susceptible to sap stain, is liable to attack by all forms of wood-boring insects and to heavy infestation by Lyctus. On the other hand, the limited amount of material of N. altissima that has been examined contained very little starch and was attacked only by a small number of pin-hole borers.  

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction under cover, flooring, door and window frames, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, planking, joinery, cabinet making, furniture, cooling tower (non-structural purposes), railway sleepers, pallets (expendable type), plywood, joists (for light construction only), wooden sandals and low grade coffins.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Mohd Dahlan Jantan and Tam, M. K. 1987. Natural Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 28. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 12 pp. 
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Thomas, A. V. 1979. Malayan Timbers – Durian and Bengang. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 19. Third reprinting. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4 pp. 
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.
  8. Wong, W. C. & Lim, S. C. 1990. Malaysian Timbers – Durian. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 113. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 12 pp.

Entapuloh

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian Name for the timber of Teijsmanniodendron spp. (Verbenaceae). Vernacular names applied include buak-buak (Sabah), buak-buak batu (Sabah), buak-buak jari (Sabah) and buak-buak jari itek (Sabah). Major species include T. bogoriensis, T. coriaceum, T. holophyllum and T. pteropodum. The sapwood is yellow and is fairly distinct from the heartwood, which is pale yellowish brown.

Also known as Papua New Guinea lapome (Papua New Guinea); and Atikoko, Dangula and Sasalit (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy and it has been classified under Medium Hardwood with a density of 432-896 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable to fairly durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be easy to work and the planed surface is smooth but dull.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season without serious degrade.


USES

The timber is suitable as a general utility timber.


REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S. C. & Chung R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gading

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Hunteria zeylanica (Apocynaceae). Vernacular names applied include kemuning (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) and kemuning hutan (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species is recorded for Malaysia, viz. H. zeylanica. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with an olive-green tinge.

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 800-850 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with interlocked grain.

USES

The small size of the trees precludes any extensive usage of this timber. The timber is suitable for carving, ornamental items, handles for tools and walking sticks. This timber has been used as a substitute for the true kemuning (Murraya spp.).

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gaham Badak

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Blumeodendron spp. (Euphorbiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is TENGKURUNG. Vernacular names applied to the timber include gangulang (Sabah), gelugor hutan (Peninsular Malaysia), medang lempong (Peninsular Malaysia) and merbulan (Sarawak). Major species include B. kurzii and B. tokbrai. The heartwood, which is light brown in colour, is not distinct from the lighter coloured sapwood. Occasionally, a corewood of darker brown with black streaks is produced.

Also known as Tengkurung (Indonesia); and Lindog (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 625-895 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is easily treated with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is good.

AIR DRYING

Seasoning is fairly slow. 13 mm thick boards take 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months. Seasoning defects include moderate end-checking, attacks by fungi and insects, slight cupping, bowing and splitting.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high. Radial shrinkage averages 2.9%, while tangential shrinkage averages 5.3%.

USES

The timber is suitable for internal use, shuttering, furniture, packing boxes and crates, tool handles (non impact) and other general utility purposes. When treated, the timber is suitable for fencing and light constructional works.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gapis

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Saraca spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include babai (Sarawak � Iban) and golak (Peninsular Malaysia) have been recorded. Major species include S. declinata, S. indica and S. thaipingensis. The sapwood is yellow-white with a pink tinge and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is dark grey-brown with darker lines. 

Also known as Kembang dedes and Soka (Indonesia); and Sok (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 515-640 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very easily treated with preservative.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven due to the presence of moderately large vessels and the surrounding aliform parenchyma.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to break down, but is easy to resaw. Planing is easy and the planed surface is moderately smooth on the tangential side but is slightly rough on the radial side due to some picking-up of the grain.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with some insect attacks and slight cupping as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approxiamtely 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3-4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.3%.

USES

The timber is suitable for temporary light construction, packing boxes and crates, pallets (expendable type) and ornamental items.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P.K.B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gelam

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Melaleuca cajuputi (Myrtaceae). No other vernacular names are recorded and only one species is recorded in this country. The sapwood is light pink-brown and is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is almost similar in colour to the sapwood but of a slightly darker shade.

Also known as Broadleaved tea-tree, Brown tea-tree and Paper-bark (Australia); Smach chanlus (Cambodia); Gelam and Kayu puteh (Indonesia); and Tea-tree (Papua New Guinea).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 720-820 kg/m3 with an average density of 755 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reported to be durable in contact with wet ground and sea water.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even with straight or only shallowly interlocked grain.

USES

The timber is a useful source of firewood, poles and fishing stakes. The papery bark is used for caulking boats.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gelam Bukit

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Leptospermum javanicum (Myrtaceae). Vernacular names applied include china maki (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species is recorded for this country, viz. L. javanicum. The sapwood is light brown and is only moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with streaks of darker brown.

Also known as Malasulasi (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 945-995 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with spiral or interlocked grain.

USES

The very small and crooked bole prevents any extensive usage of the timber. The timber is hard enough to be used as handles and other small objects.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gerok

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Exbucklandia populnea (Hamamelidaceae). No other vernacular name has been recorded and only one species, viz. E. populnea, is found in this country. The sapwood is lighter in colour but not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is deep red-brown with a purple tinge.

Also known as Pipli (India); Kapas-kapas (Indonesia); and Pho sam hang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with an average density of 785 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with shallowly to broadly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber has been reported to saw with some difficulties but peels well.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season very slowly, with bad splitting.

USES

The timber, if found in any quantity, should be suitable for plywood, light to medium construction under cover, interior works, flooring and general carpentry.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Geronggang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the lightweight timbers of Cratoxylum spp. (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include dat (Sarawak), di�it (Sarawak), kirap (Sarawak), labakan (Sarawak), manat (Sarawak), mertilan (Sarawak), pidang (Sarawak), serungan (Sabah), serungan labakan (Sarawak), tat (Sarawak) and timau (Sarawak). Major species include C. arborescens and C. glaucum. The sapwood is yellow with a pink tinge and is moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is dark pink or light brick-red.

Also known as Geronggang (Brunei); Adat, Gerunggung and Medang baro (Indonesia); Paguringon (Philippines); and Kalong-ngae and Ngong-ngang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a light hardwood with a density of 350-610 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

From the graveyard test conducted on untreated specimens, geronggang is destroyed by termites within one year. It is therefore classified as non-durable.  

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Although the timber is not durable, it is easily treated with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight or sometimes shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku, 1988b) or SG 7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Geronggang (C. arborescens)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength(MPa)
Green 8,000 40 18.3 1.93 5.1

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons rapidly without any form of degrade at all. 38 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended and the timber is reported to dry well under this schedule.


Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
15 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.2%.

USES

The timber is suitable for decorative works, joinery, furniture, cabinet making, counter tops, panelling, mouldings, interior finishing, ornamental items, clogs, plywood, particleboard, wood-wool cement-board, pencil manufacture and staircase (apron lining and handrail).

REFERENCES

  1. Ani Binti Sulaiman. 1987. Malaysian Timbers – Geronggang. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 104.The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.13 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Gerutu

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the heavier species of Parashorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include gerutu (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, heavy white seraya (Sabah), meranti gerutu (Peninsular Malaysia) and other localised names which are too numerous to be listed here. Major species include P. densiflora, P. globosa and P. stellata from Peninsular Malaysia, and P. parvifolia and P. smythiesii from Sabah and Sarawak. The sapwood is whitish yellow and is moderately distinct from the heartwood, which is light golden brown and darkens to a deep brown on exposure.

Also known as Mai hao, Mai nao and Mai si (Laos); Kaunghmu, Tavoy wood and Thingadu (Myanmar); Khai Kheio and Kian-suai (Thailand); and Cho chi (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 640-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

From the standard graveyard test of untreated P. stellata carried out at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) based on test sticks of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, it was observed that 60% of the test sticks were destroyed within the first year. Subsequently, in the second and third year, 70% and 90% of the test sticks were destroyed respectively. All the test sticks were destroyed in the fifth year of service (Jackson, 1965). Under such circumstances, gerutu is classified as not durable. In a later series of test, Dahlan & Tam (1986, in press) also reported that P. stellata gave an average service life of 1.9 years, thus confirming the results obtained by Jackson (1965). However, treated specimens of P. stellata gave an average service life of about 14 to 17.2 years, and about 14 years for P. densiflora.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is difficult to treat with preservatives. 

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even, with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Gerutu

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength(MPa)
P. densiflora Green 19,700 94 50.5 7.0 8.4
P. stellata Green 13,200 74 41.5 4.3 7.9

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to saw but is fairly easy to cross-cut. Planing, boring and turning are easy and the planed surface is smooth.


Sawing And Woodworking Properties of Gerutu

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
P. densiflora Green slightly difficult fairly easy easy smooth easy fairly smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult fairly easy easy smooth easy fairly smooth easy moderately smooth
P. stellata Green slightly difficult easy easy tangential smooth, radial rough easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult moderately easy easy moderately smooth easy fairly smooth moderately easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with moderate end-checking and surface-checking and staining as the main sources of degrade. There are also slight splitting and insect attack during drying. 13 mm thick boards take 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take about 6 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended.


Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.5%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type IV (based on the species P. densiflora).

DEFECTS

Brittle-heart is normally present and may be appreciable in some logs. Burgess (1966) recorded that, in general, brittle-heart in this timber did not extend for more than 175 mm to 200 mm from the pith. Timber affected by brittle-heart is susceptible to compression failures and liable to break up into small pieces. Knots are small and infrequent. Shot-hole borer attack occasionally occurs in the living tree and is rarely serious, but the pin-hole borer attack in felled logs may cause severe damage. Defects other than those mentioned above are quite negligible.  

USES

Light to medium construction under cover, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, flooring, staircase (apron lining, handrails, sprandrel framings and risers), joinery, cabinet making, furniture, railway sleepers, plywood, pallets (expendable type), packing boxes and crates as well as tool handles (non-impact purpose).

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 6.
  2. Choo, K. T. & Lim, S. C. 1986. Malaysian Timbers – Gerutu. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 101. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  3. Dahlan b. Jantan & Tam, M. K. 1986. Natural Durability of Some Malaysian Timbers by Stake Test. (in press).
  4. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.13 pp.
  5. Jackson, W. F. 1965. Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  6. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  7. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber : Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Giam

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the heavy timbers of Hopea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include giam (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, selangan (Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets and other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include H. ferrea, H. helferi, H. nutans, H. pentanervia and H. semicuneata. The sapwood is yellow and is poorly defined from the heartwood, which is yellow with a greenish tinge when fresh and turns deep red-brown on exposure.

Also known as Koki:r (Cambodia); Balau (Indonesia); Hin, Mai khaen fay and Mai la en (Laos); Thingyan (Myanmar); Heavy hopea (Papua New Guinea); Saplungan and Yakal (Philippines); Krabok-krang, Lao Tao, Takian Hin, Takian-Nu and Takian-rak (Thailand); and Sao xanh (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 865-1,220 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Only one species of giam (H. nutans) has been subjected to the graveyard test to determine its natural durability under exposed conditions. Of the 59 samples tested (dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm), all were still serviceable after two years; only 5 per cent of the test sticks were destroyed in the eighth year and 80 per cent of the test sticks were found to be still serviceable after the fourteenth year. Compared to other Heavy Malaysian Hardwoods tested under the same conditions e.g. chengal, balau and merbau, this particular species of giam seems to be more durable. The timber has therefore, been classified as very durable under Malaysian conditions (Jackson, 1960).

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Desch (1957) recorded that the timber, particularly the heartwood region, is exceptionally difficult to treat with preservatives. But for a timber which is naturally durable, preservative treatment is normally unnecessary.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine to moderately fine and even, with deeply interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988).


Strength Properties of Giam

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength(MPa)
H. nutans Green 17,900 109 67 13 13
H. helferi Green 14,600 103 54 10 14
Air dry 16,500 122 59 11 16

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to difficult to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is, however, easy and the planed surface is smooth.


Machining Properties of Giam

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
H. helferi Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
H. nutans Green slightly difficult difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth difficult smooth to rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly, with only slight end-checking, splitting and surface-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 6 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 8 months.

KILN DRYING

Kiln Schedule B is recommended.


Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 60.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average to high, with radial shrinkage ranging 1.4-2% and tangential shrinkage ranging 2.6-4.4%.

DEFECTS

Though the form of the trees is sometimes poor, giam timber is generally free from major defects. Minor defects of the timber include occasional attack by ‘pin’ hole, powder post and longicorn beetles. Resin and bark pockets may also be found in the timber. The sapwood, which is light in colour, is sometimes attacked by sap-stain fungi.  

USES

The timber is suitable for all heavy construction, marine construction, ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), posts, beams, joists, rafters, flooring (heavy traffic), decking, fender supports, mallets, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), heavy duty furniture, cooling tower (structural members), power-line poles, railway sleepers, columns (heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, tool handles (impact), telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, container floor boards and heavy duty laboratory benches.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Service Trade Leaflet No. 38.
  4. Lim, S. C. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Giam. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 84. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp. 
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Hantu Duri

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Zanthoxylum spp. (Rutaceae). Vernacular names applied include chenkring (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Z. myriacanthum and Z. rhetsa. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is yellow to buff-coloured.

Also known as Mullilam (India); Kayu Tanah (Indonesia); and Kaitana and Kayutana (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 335-675 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw and work easily and finishes to a shiny smooth surface.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season well without any splitting but shrinkage is high.

USES

The timber has been used in India for planking, scantlings, handles, legs of beds and for chair making. In the Philippines, it has been used for fine furniture and walking sticks.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ipil

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Afzelia rhomboidea (Leguminosae). This species is found in Sabah and Sarawak only. Vernacular names applied include ipil (Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets and merbau tanduk (Sabah). Only one species has been recorded in Malaysia. The sapwood is grey-white and sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is reddish yellow, red to dirty red-brown, often with some streaks.

Also known as Beng (Cambodia); Katarum, Ketarum, Kijulang, Kupang, Merbau and Tanduk tarum (Indonesia); Kha and Mai Tae Kha (Laos); Tat-talum (Myanmar); Apalit, Balayong and Tindalo (Philippines); and Makha-hua-kham, Makha-luang, Makha-mong and Makha-yai (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and is moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 850-900 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is reputed to be very durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and even. Grain is interlocked or sometimes straight.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be strong and falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reputed to be easy to work and takes on a high finish.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well with little shrinkage and warping.

USES

The timber is highly prized as a furniture wood in the Philippines and should be suitable for interior finishing, panelling, moulding, high grade furniture, door and window frames, stairs and flooring. It has also been used for plywood but the wood is often regarded as too dense for the purpose. Other uses are musical instruments, ornamental items, agricultural tools, ship and boat building, carts and sleepers.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ipoh

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae). Vernacular names applied include ipoh (Peninsular Malaysia), paliu (Sabah) and tasem (Sarawak). Antiaris is a monotypic genus. Its only species, A. toxicaria, is found throughout the Old World tropics, from West Africa to Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, southern China, Thailand, throughout the Malesian region, the Pasific (east to Fiji and Tonga) and northern Australia. The heartwood is white to pale yellow or pale yellow-brown and not well defined from the sapwood which is white to yellow and up to 8 cm wide. Sawdust may cause skin irritation and stomach pain. The bark yields a latex which is one of the principal components of most dart and arrow poisons in South-East Asia.

Also known as Terap (Brunei); Upas (India); Ancar, Tatai and Upas (Indonesia); Mavun tonga (Fiji); Nong (Laos); Aseik (Myanmar); Antiaris (Papua New Guinea); Upas (Philippines); Riti (Sri Lanka); Noeng, Yang nong and Yuan (Thailand); and Sui (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber can be grouped under Light Hardwood in Malaysia with a density of 225-545 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber can be easily treated with preservatives. The timber is susceptible to sapstain, pinhole borers, termite infestation and therefore, rapid conversion and the application of anti-stain and insecticide chemicals are essential.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and even with interlocked grain. The timber produces a very lustrous ribbon figure on quarter-sawn surface.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to work with hand and machine tools and is easy to saw. As the timber is rather light and soft, sharp tools are required to prevent the tearing of grain and to produce a clean cut at end surfaces.

NAILING PROPERTY

The timber can be nailed, glued and polished well.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries rapidly with little degrade and shrinks only moderately.


USES

The timber is used for light construction, interior finishing, furniture, mouldings, panelling, packing boxes and crates, plywood, handles for non-striking tools, flooring and other general utility purposes.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jarum-jarum

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name which is of Sabah origin and adopted here for the timber of Dysoxylum spp. (Meliaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is MEMBALUN. Vernacular names applied include buahan-buahan (Sabah). Major species include D. acutangulum, D. arborescens, D. cauliflorum, D. grande, D. alliaceum and D. cyrtobotryum. The sapwood is light yellow and is moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is orange-red or brick-red and darkens on exposure. The sawdust of some species may cause irritation to mucous membrane.

Also known as Rose mahogany and Stavewood (Australia); Houn dang and Moreas preou phnom (Cambodia); Devdam, Gendelipoma and White cedar (India); Cempaga, Djampanga, Kingugula, Kondongio motaha, Kondongio poete, Lauan, Lingkoboe poete, Membalun, Taloesa-loesa, Tjempaga and Wandeboka poete (Indonesia); Khon ta sang and Mai chuang leunag (Laos); Miva mahogany, Red dysox and Spur mahogany (Papua New Guinea); Igyo, Kayatau and Miau (Philippines); Ta suea (Thailand); and Chac-khe and Huynh duong (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 590-910 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is moderately durable to non-durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is readily treated with preservative. 

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse and uneven, due to the presence of abundant wood parenchyma. Grain is interlocked and sometimes irregular.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber has not been tested at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), but tests on related species in India showed that the timber is strong (Strength Group B).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to be easy to saw and machine and produces a smooth finish.

  
AIR DRYING

It seasons well with moderate shrinkage but may check and twist slightly. Preliminary drying is recommended for boards over 50 mm thick.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium to heavy construction, planking, solid door, flooring, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, high grade furniture, wooden pallets and plywood.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jelutong

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dyera spp. (Apocynaceae). Vernacular names applied include jelutong (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include D. costulata and D. polyphylla. The sapwood is not distinguished from the heartwood, which is creamy white to pale straw-coloured.

Also known as Jelutong (Brunei); Jelutung (Indonesia); and Jelutong, Teen-pet daeng and Yelutong (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 420-500 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber of jelutong is classified as not durable under the exposed conditions. The durability rating is based on the standard graveyard tests of untreated D. costulata specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). In the first series of such tests, all 68 specimens were completely destroyed within six months (Foxworthy & Wodley, 1930). In the second test, 40 specimens were used and the average service life was 1.4 years (Jackson, 1965). The timber is known to be very susceptible to both powder-post beetles and termite attacks. It is also very liable to blue stain in the green state.  

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very amenable to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with almost straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Jelutong

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shearing strength(MPa)
Green 7,900 38.0 21.0 1.9 5.0
Air dry 8,100 50.0 27.0 2.7 6.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and plane and produces a smooth surface despite its softness.

Sawing and Woodworking Properties of Jelutong

Test Condition Sawing Planning Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is excellent.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without serious degrade, except for staining and powder-post beetle attacks but the common practice of dipping the timber in preservatives immediately after sawing has largely overcome this problem. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended.


Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53.0 80
50 135 57.0 126 52.0 75
40 140 60.0 126 52.0 65
30 150 65.5 129 54.0 55
20 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2%.


MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from common defects. However, logs that have been damaged through bad and careless tapping are liable to fungal and insects infestation. Such attacks also occur in logs that have been left for some time in the forest after felling. Sap-stain fungi and ambrosia beetles are known to attack the logs (Desch, 1941). These attacks result in blue stains and tunnels in the log. Freshly sawn timbers are also prone to mould, blue stain and insect attacks. In some instances, the attack may occur few hours after sawing.

USES

Jelutong is the favourite timber for pencil manufacture. It is also suitable for plywood, packing boxes and crates, pattern making, carving works, disposable chopsticks, tooth picks, picture frames, drawing boards, black boards, battery separators, toys and wooden shoe heels.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. C. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15 Vol. 1.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Foxworthy, F. W. & Wodley, H. W. 1930. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No.8.
  4. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No.28.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Ser, C. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Jelutong. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 55. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jelutong Pipit

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Kibatalia spp (Apocynaceae). No other vernacular names have been recorded. Major species include K. arborea and K. maingayi. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white in colour.

Also known as Kayu santen and Ki benteli (Indonesia); Lanete (Philippines); and Badu-bu-wae (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light, with an average density of 450 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable and is readily attacked by sapstain fungi.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is soft and very easy to work.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is low, but the timber needs to be dried rapidly to prevent stain.

USES

The timber is suitable for small objects like musical instruments, picture frames, fixtures, pencil slats, toothpicks, knife sheaths, spools, polo balls, checker boards and pieces, pattern making, carving and matches.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jemerlang

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysia name for the timber of Peltophorum spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include jemerlang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, timbarayong (Sabah) and yellow flame (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak). Major species include P. dasyrachis, P. pterocarpum and P. racemosum. The sapwood is light brown with a pink tinge, occasionally with light brown streaks and is moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is orange-red-brown, or purple-red-brown with dark zones, giving the timber a streaked appearance.

Also known as Tramkang and Treas (Cambodia); Iya-vakai (India); Soga (Indonesia); Phang and Sakham (Laos); Siar (Philippines); Nontri (Thailand); and Hoang linh and Lim xet (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 480-770 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with interlocked or slightly wavy grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is moderately smooth to smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries slowly with slight cupping, bowing, end-checking, splitting and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.1%.

USES

The timber is attractively streaked and is suitable for furniture manufacture, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, flooring, superior joinery and plywood.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jenjulong

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Agrostistachys spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include beko-beko (Peninsular Malaysia), julong-julong (Peninsular Malaysia), julong-julong jantan (Peninsular Malaysia), kayu garang (Sabah), lidah kerbau (Peninsular Malaysia), nulong (Peninsular Malaysia) and nyonyolong (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include A. borneensis and A. gaudichaudii. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a rose-pink tinge or pale yellow.

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 685-940 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight grain.

USES

The timber is suitable for walking sticks, fence poles, fuelwood, pulp and paper. The logs have been used for mushroom cultivation.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Jongkong

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dactylocladus stenostachys (Crypteroniaceae). Vernacular names applied include gatal (Sarawak), medang jongkong (Sarawak), medang tabak (Sabah), merebong (Sarawak) and tanjiong awam (Sabah). This is a monotypic timber which is absent in Peninsular Malaysia. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light brown when fresh and darkens to pink-brown or red-brown.

Also known as Medang tabak (Brunei); and Mentibu, Merebung, Pardu, Sampinur and Turit (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 495-610 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reported to be non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight or slightly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG 6 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reputed to work very well and produces a smooth and lustrous surface.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with moderate amount of bowing and end-checking and a slight amount of cupping and splitting as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is variously reported to be fairly high to very high. The data obtained by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) showed that radial shrinkage is 1.1% while tangential shrinkage is 1.8%. Work done in Sarawak showed that this timber has very high shrinkage with radial shrinkage averaging 3.1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 5.5%.

USES

The timber is suitable for concrete shuttering, flooring, partitioning, furniture and possibly for plywood manufacture.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kamap

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the heavy timber of Strombosia spp. (Olacaceae). Vernacular names applied include petaling gajah (Peninsular Malaysia) and belian landak (Sarawak). Major species include S. ceylanica. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is purple-brown to dark brown.

Also known as Bengang, Manggis, Petaling ayer and Sepat (Indonesia); and Tamayuan (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 815-1,055 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reported to be moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with interlocked grain.

USES

The timber is suitable for temporary construction, posts, flooring, pallets (expendable type), staircase (carriages and stringers) and ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kandis

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Garcinia spp. (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include asam gelugor (Peninsular Malaysia), bebata (Sabah), bruas (Peninsular Malaysia), lulai (Peninsular Malaysia), manggis hutan (Peninsular Malaysia) and sikop (Sarawak). Major species include G. atroviridis, G. bancana, G. cowa, G. beccarii, G. griffithii, G. hombroniana, G. malaccensis, G. merguensis, G. nigrolineata and G. parvifolia. The sapwood is usually lighter in colour than the heartwood and is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, except for G. hombroniana, where the red-brown sapwood is distinct from the dark red-brown heartwood. The heartwood is variable in colour, dark red-brown in some species and yellow in others.

Also known as Prus (Cambodia); Laubu (Fiji); Beruas (Indonesia); Kuak li (Laos); Bunog (Philippines); Cha muang (Thailand); and Roi (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to very hard and moderately heavy to very heavy with a density of 690-1,120 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is expected to be at least moderately durable if kept away from termites.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be difficult to work due to its hardness and the presence of silica in some species. The timber, however, turns well.

USES

The timber is suitable for poles, posts, flooring, pallets (expendable type), staircase (apron lining, handrail and newels). The heavier species are suitable for semi-permanent medium construction like temporary bridges, extraction tramways, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S. C. & Chung R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kapur

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dryobalanops spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied to this timber include kapur (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, keladan (Peninsular Malaysia) and kelansau (Sarawak). Major species include D. aromatica, D. beccarii, D. keithii, D. lanceolata, D. oblongifolia and D. rappa. The sapwood is yellowish brown and sharply defined from the heartwood, which is reddish brown.

Also known as Kapur (Brunei); and Kamper, Kapur and Petanang (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 580-820 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Standard graveyard test of untreated D. aromatica and D. oblongifolia specimens of dimension 51 mm x 51 mm x 610 mm had been conducted in the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (Jackson, 1965). From the studies conducted, the average service life of D. oblongifolia and D. aromatica were 1.9 and 6.0 years respectively. It can be seen that there is a remarkable difference in the natural durability of these two species and based on the weakest species, kapur is therefore classified as not durable. It is known that these two species are resistant to fungal attack, but are susceptible to termite attack.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is not amenable to preservative treatment and it is classified as difficult to treat.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even with straight or shallowly interlocked or sometimes deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Kapur

Species Test condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
D. aromatica Green 15,900 84 46.5 4.2 8.4
Air dry 18,700 114 61.7 5.5 10.5
D. oblongifolia Green 13,200 73 39.2 5.1 8.1
Air dry - - - - -

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber of D. rappa is easy to work while the other species range from moderately easy to slightly difficult.


Sawing and Woodworking Properties of Kapur

Species Tested Test Condition Sawing Planning Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
D. aromatica Green moderately easy easy easy moderately smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth
D. oblongifolia Green easy to slightly difficult easy easy rough easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is good in D. rappa and poor in the other species.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly to slowly with little degrade. The seasoning properties of some species are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
D. aromatica 2 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-splitting; splitting and surface-checking.
D. rappa 4 6 Slow drying; moderate cupping due to very high differential shrinkage.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended. Care must be taken to stack the timber properly as there is a strong tendency to cup. 25 mm thick boards are expected to kiln-dry in 14 days.


Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)(approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species are summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
D. aromatica 2.1 4.6 Very high shrinkage.
D. oblongifolia 1.7 3.8 High shrinkage.
D. rappa 1.5 5.1 Very high differential shrinkage.

DEFECTS

The most common defect that is associated with the timber is the pin-holes. It was reported that the pin-holes are more frequently found in D. aromatica than in D. oblongifolia (Desch, 1941). The pin-holes are caused by one of the small ambrosia beetles. The attack usually begins in the living tree and the attack cannot continue in seasoned wood. Spongy heart may occur in logs but the presence is usually insignificant. 

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, fender supports, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, flooring, staircase (treads, angle blocks, rough brackets, bullnose, riser, balustrade, carriage, stringers, round end and winder), vehicle bodies (frame-work, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), pallets (heavy and permanent types), tool handles (impact), cooling tower (structural members), plywood, laboratory benches, column (light duty) and railway sleepers. In domestic flooring and internal fittings where finished appearance is important, care should be taken in fixing because of a tendency to develop an unsightly black stain in contact with iron nails, screws or other fittings.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Records No. 15 Vol. 1.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W.F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Service Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Ser, C. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Kapur. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 46. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp. 
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Karas

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae). Vernacular names applied include kekaras (Peninsular Malaysia) and tengkaras (Peninsular Malaysia) for the normal wood and aloes wood (Peninsular Malaysia) and eagle wood (Peninsular Malaysia) for the diseased wood. Only one species is of importance, viz. A. malaccensis. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is creamy white in colour. The timber can occasionally produces some diseased wood, which is resin-impregnated and fragrant. This diseased wood is dark brown to black in colour and is heavy and hard. The commercial name for this wood is GAHARU. It is much sought after as an incense and folk medicine.

Also known as Chan krasna (Cambodia); Agarwood (India); Alas, Garu, Ingkaras, Kaju alim, Kaju gaharu, Tanduk and Tengkaras (Indonesia); and Mai Kotsana (Laos).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 335-400 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable and is liable to stain easily by sapstain fungi.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber can be easily treated with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine but uneven due to the presence of islands of included phloem. Grain is straight.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is moderately smooth to rough, especially in the tangential boards.


USES

The timber is suitable for packing boxes and crates, plywood, disposable chopsticks, tooth picks, pencil, ladies shoe soles and temporary light construction. The diseased wood is much sought after as an incense and folk medicine.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S. C. & Chung R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kasah

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Pterygota spp. (Sterculiaceae). Vernacular names applied include kangsar (Peninsular Malaysia), melebu (Sarawak) and menuang (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include P. alata and P. horsfieldii. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is straw-coloured to light brown.

Also known as Narikel (India); and White tulip oak (Papua New Guinea).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 575-640 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions, being susceptible to both fungal and insect attacks.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and uneven due to the presence of abundant parenchyma. Grain is straight to shallowly interlocked.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.

USES

The timber is suitable for light and temporary construction, packing boxes and crates, pallets, plywood, ladies’ shoe heels and perhaps as a source of short-fibred pulp. 

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kasai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Pometia spp. (Sapindaceae). Vernacular names applied include kasai (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, datanut (Sabah), enselan (Sarawak), rapanah (Sarawak), sibu (Sarawak) and silak (Sarawak). Major species include P. pinnata (including f. alnifolia) and P. ridleyi. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is not sharply defined from the heartwood, which is pink, red or red-brown.

Also known as Taun (Australia); Ndawa (Fiji); Djampanga, Galunggung, Ihi mendek, Kasai, Kaseh, Kasie, Kempil kujat, Landoeng, Leungsir, Matoa, Pangah, Singkuang and Tawan (Indonesia); Chieng dong, Haman and Kwaang (Laos); Paga-nyet-su ava (Myanmar); Matoa and Taun (Papua New Guinea); Malugai, Malugai-liitan and Tagaui (Philippines); Tava (Samoa Islands); Taun (Soloman Islands); Daengnam and Sai (Thailand); and Truong (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 735-915 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

From the graveyard tests of P. pinnata f. glabra, all the 40 test sticks tested were found to be sound during the first two years of service. Around 10 and 12 per cent of the test sticks were destroyed during the third and fourth year of service respectively. The test sticks seem to deteriorate fairly quickly on the fifth year in service and only 15 per cent of the test sticks remained sound. All the test sticks were completely destroyed on the seventh year. Based on the results obtained above, kasai has been classified as a moderately durable timber with an average service life of 5 years under natural conditions (Jackson, 1965). An earlier series of durability test carried out on kasai at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) indicated that several test sticks perished fairly quickly while others persisted in a partially damaged state for 10 years or more. Kasai is also not resistant to marine borer attacks. A test stick of 125 mm x 250 mm x 1,925 mm which was tested in Port Klang was destroyed in less than two years. Similar sized test sticks treated with a mixture of 50 per cent creosote and 50 per cent diesel oil using the full cell process (with the absorption of 110 kg/m3 (6.9 lb/ft3) remained serviceable for only 2 years (Desch, 1954).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.   


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Kasai

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
P. pinnata f. glabra Green - - 37 4 9
Air dry - - 49 5 13
P. ridleyi Green 15,700 81 41 7 13
Air dry 17,000 106 54 10 14

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work when green but is slightly difficult to work when dried. Planing is easy in either condition and the finish of green boards is smooth while the finish of dried boards is rough.


Machining Properties of Kasai

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth moderately easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult easy rough slightly difficult slightly rough slightly difficult rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly but with very minor degrade. Slight cupping, bowing and end-checking are the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule D is recommended.


Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high. Radial shrinkage averages 2.8% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.5%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type III.

DEFECTS

The timber is generally free from any major defects. Slight defects such as ‘pin’ and ‘shot’ holes have been found in some logs tested. Powder-post beetle attacks may occur during seasoning. A few boards of P. ridleyi tested have also been found to be attacked by longhorn beetles (holes of about 12 mm diameter). End-checking, splitting, compression failure and brittle heart of up to 100 mm diameter have been recorded from logs examined.

USES

The timber is suitable for furniture manufacture, tool handles, beams, posts, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, railway sleepers, joinery, cabinet making, vehicle bodies (planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), plywood, flooring (heavy traffic), columns (light duty), panelling, partitioning, staircase (angle block, rough bracket, newel, apron lining and sprandrel framing) and interior finishing like mouldings and skirtings.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Desch, H. E. 1954. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. II. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 38.
  4. Lim, S. C. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Kasai. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 92. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp. 
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kasap

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Gironniera spp. (Ulmaceae). Vernacular names applied include ampas tebu (Sabah), hampas tebu (Peninsular Malaysia), medang kasap (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) and various other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include G. nervosa, G. parvifolia and G. subaequalis. The sapwood is not defined from the heartwood, which is yellow-white in colour.

Also known as Lali (India); and Alit, Enta buluh, Katul, Ki bulu, Medang, Siluk and Tatangan (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 530-675 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is not durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight grain.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to be liable to severe splitting when seasoned.


USES

The timber is occasionally used for house building under cover like planking, beams and flooring.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kayu Malam

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sabah origin, for the timber of Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae). Vernacular names applied include buey (Peninsular Malaysia), kayu arang (Peninsular Malaysia), kumoi (Peninsular Malaysia), kumoi bukit (Peninsular Malaysia), meribut (Peninsular Malaysia), sabah ebony (Sabah), sianggus (Peninsular Malaysia) and tuba buah (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include D. blancoi, D. buxifolia, D. clavigera, D. confertiflora, D. discocalyx, D. foxworthyi, D. maingayi, D. pendula and D. pillosanthera. The sapwood is not distinct from the heartwood, which is generally yellowish white to buff. Some species produce a streaky core while some others produce a jet black core, which is the ebone of commerce. 

Also known as Marblewood (India); Ebony, Kayu arang, Kayu eboni and Kayu hitam (Indonesia); Mai lang dam and Mai mak keua (Laos); Mepyaung and Trayung (Myanmar); Ata-ata, Bolong-eta, Camagon, Camogon, Kemagong and Malatinta (Philippines); and Kaling, Lambit, Maklua and Tako-na (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to very hard and moderately heavy to very heavy with a density of 595-1,055 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The lighter coloured material is non-durable, while the darker material is expected to be durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight to slightly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be easy to work and produces a very smooth and lustrous surface.

AIR DRYING

The heavier material is reputed to season slowly and is liable to check and warp.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the streaky material. Radial shrinkage averages 4.7% while tangential shrinkage averages 8.7%.

USES

The darker streaked corewood is highly prized as a superior cabinet wood, suitable for high class decorative furniture, panelling, mouldings, staircase (apron lining, balustrade and handrail) and other interior finishing. The heavier species of this timber are suitable for temporary medium construction, posts, tool handles (impact) and ornamental items. The lighter coloured material is suitable for furniture, plywood, pallets and other general utility purposes.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kayu Masam

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name, which is of Sarawakian origin, for the trees and timber of Aporosa spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include bagil (Sabah), galang-galang (Sabah), penatan (Sabah) and sebasah (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include A. arborea, A. aurea, A. benthamiana, A. bracteosa, A. dioica, A. elmeri, A. frutescens, A. grandistipulata, A. nervosa, A. nigricans, A. nitida, A. prainiana and A. stellifera. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown, yellow-brown or brown with orange or purple-red tinge.

Also known as Sasah (Indonesia); Malabignai (Philippines); and Mueat (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 570-890 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is expected to be moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine but uneven, due to the presence of broad rays. Grain is straight.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to be fairly easy to work as it is non-siliceous.

AIR DRYING

It is reported to season without serious defects.

USES

The timber has been used for rafters, household implements, tool handles, flooring and furniture.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kedondong

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timbers of the family Burseraceae. Vernacular names applied include kedondong (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), with various epithets, kembayu (Sabah), kerantai (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), pamatadon (Sabah), seladah (Sarawak) and senggeh (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Canarium apertum, C. littorale, C. pseudosumatranum; Dacroydes costata, D. incurvata; Santiria apiculata, S. conferta, S. tomentosa; Scutinanthe brunnea; and Triomma malaccensis. The sapwood is usually lighter in colour than the heartwood and not well defined from the heartwood. However, in Santiria griffithii and S. rubiginosa, the sapwood is well defined. The heartwood varies in colour from light yellow in Canarium apertum to yellow-green-brown in S. griffithii and S. rubiginosa to the common light red-brown and deep red-brown of the other species. 

Also known as Kedondong (Brunei); Talat (Cambodia); Kaunicina (Fiji); Karapu kongiliam and White dhup (India); Bayung, Bosi, Kembajau, Kenari, Kerantai, Merasam putih, Merdondong, Ranggarai, Resung and Unggit (Indonesia); Canarium and Galip (Papua New Guinea); Dao, Gisaun, Kamingi, Kalaua, Pagsahingin, Pili and Pilingliitan (Philippines); Ma�ali (Samoa Islands); Kekuna (Sri Lanka); Ma Koem (Thailand); and Cham (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 495-980 kg/m3 air dry and average density of 705 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Jackson (1965) classified this timber as not durable if exposed to weather or in direct contact with the ground. The average service life for the species tested is 1.2 years. The sapwood of the timber is liable to heavy attack by powder-post beetles due to its high starch content. It was reported by Desch (1941) that the heartwood can be readily attacked by drywood termites.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber of kedondong has been found to be very difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is fairly fine and even, with shallowly or deeply interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Kedondong

Timber Species Test Condition Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
C. littorale f. rufum Green - - 29.6 2.94 7.2
Air dry - - - - -
C. megalanthum Green 65 11,700 35.0 4.62 9.3
Air dry 81 12,900 43.7 6.41 11.8
S. laevigata Green 64 11,200 31.8 - 8.0
Air dry 81 12,100 43.1 - 10.9

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The working quality of the timber is variable, ranging from easy to very difficult to work, due to the presence of silica and deeply interlocked grain. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and a smooth surface is often obtained although in some cases, severe picking-up of the grain has been noted.


Machining Properties of Kedondong

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
C. littorale f. rufum Green easy easy easy smooth easy slightly rough - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult moderately easy moderately smooth easy slightly rough difficult smooth
C. megalanthum Green difficult very difficult easy moderately smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult slightly difficult rough very difficult rough difficult moderately smooth
S. laevigata Green difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth difficult smooth to slightly rough - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth difficult slightly rough slightly difficult moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is good.

AIR DRYING

Seasoning properties for some species are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
Canarium littorale f. rufum 3.5 4 Fairly slow drying; powder-post beetle attacks; slight cupping, bowing, splitting and staining.
S. laevigata 2 6 Fairly slow drying; powder-post beetle attacks; slight cupping, end-checking and surface-checking.
S. tomentosa 3 5 Fairly slow drying; powder post-beetle and sapstain fungi attacks.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended for Canarium spp. 25 mm thick boards take 6 days to dry.

Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage characteristics for some species are summarised below: 

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
C.littorale f. rufum 2.4 4.1 Very high shrinkage
S. laevigata 1.8 3.2 High shrinkage
S. tomentosa 2.4 3.5 High shrinkage

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.

DEFECTS

The defects that are associated with the timbers of kedondong are the presence of knots and pin-holes on the surface. The timber of several species appears to be very liable to attack by blue-stain fungi soon after felling (Desch, 1941).

USES

The timber is suitable as a general utility timber for posts, beams, joists, rafters, medium heavy structures, railway sleepers, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), planking, cladding, plywood, tool handles (non-impact), particleboard, flooring, furniture, packing boxes and crates as well as pallets (expendable and permanent light duty types).

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad Shakri Mat Seman. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Kedondong. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 73. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
  2. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malay. For. Rec. No. 15.
  3. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  4. Jackson, W. F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malay. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kekabu

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Bombax spp. (Bombacaceae). Vernacular names applied include kekabu hutan (Peninsular Malaysia), kapok (Sabah) and tambaluang (Sabah). Major species include B. ceiba and B. valetonii. The sapwood is white and sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale straw-coloured.

Also known as Didu and Semul (India); Randu alas (Indonesia); Ngui ban (Laos); Didu, Letpan and Thinbaw (Myanmar); Bombax and Kapok (Papua New Guinea); Malabulak (Philippines); Ngui (Thailand); and P�lang (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 415-545 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the graveyard tests of untreated specimens under natural conditions conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), the wood is classified as non-durable with an average service life of about 0.9 year (Mohd. Dahlan & Tam, 1985). When the timber was treated with creosote to an average absorption of 592 kg/m3 (37 lb/ft3) by the open-tank method and tested, it was found that there was no change after 12 years, indicating that treated kekabu could be rendered extremely durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is extremely easy to treat with preservatives. 

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even, with straight or slightly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958). The strength properties of kekabu are shown in the table below.

Strength Properties of Kekabu (B. valetonii)

Test Condition Moisture Content (%) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Impact bending(mm) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Side hardness(Newton) Shear parallel(MPa)
Green 132 24 4,800 180 14.1 1.03 980 3.3
Air dry 16.5 28 5,000 180 20.3 1.37 1,070 3.2

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is moderately smooth to smooth.


Machining Properties of Kekabu (B. valetonii)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy moderately smooth easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy moderately smooth easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with negligible degrade except for fungal and insect attacks. 13 mm thick boards take 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average with radial shrinkage averaging 1.7% while tangential shrinkage averaging 2.4%.

DEFECTS

Logs of two species of the Bombacaceae were examined and found to be remarkably sound. No sign of “Spongy heart” was encountered and the only defects observed were occasional longhorn beetle attack, the galleries being about 1.9 cm in diameter. The sapwood of all species appears to be relatively immune to infection from blue-stain fungi, although when fresh it contains abundant starch (Desch, 1941). The timber is very susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks (Wong, 1976).

USES

The timber is suitable for use as a low strength utility timber, packing boxes and crates and match boxes. However, the core material of the timber, which is reddish brown in colour, may be rather attractive and if it is properly processed, can be used for decorative furniture, panelling, mouldings, plywood, cigar boxes and other ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol.1. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. Mohd. Dahlan Jantan and Tam, M. K. 1985. Unpublished report.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.
  6. Zainuddin Bin Mohd. Yunos. 1985. Malaysian Timbers – Kekabu. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 98. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4 pp. 

Kekatong

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Cynometra spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include belangan (Peninsular Malaysia), belangkan (Peninsular Malaysia), katong-katong (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) and kekatong laut (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include C. elmeri, C. iripa, C. malaccensis, C. mirabilis and C. ramiflora. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and not well defined from the heartwood, which is red-brown or claret-red with streaks of lighter colour.

Also known as Chom prinh (Cambodia); Moivi and Tongatu (Fiji); Ping (India); Kateng and Kepel (Indonesia); Mai li (Laos); Myinga (Myanmar); Balitbitan and Oringen (Philippines); and Katong and Mang Kha (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 880-1,155 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the standard graveyard test of untreated specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, the wood is classified as moderately durable under Malaysian climatic conditions. The average service life for 52 untreated specimens of C. malaccensis was about 4.2 years (Mohd. Dahlan & Tam, in press).  


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber of kekatong is not amenable to preservative impregnation and is classified as very difficult to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and uneven, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Kekatong (C. malaccensis)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear parallel(MPa)
Green 17,000 105 56.0 11.03 13.2
Air dry 18,400 135 67.0 11.38 15.6

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to difficult to resaw and difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the surface produced is moderately smooth.

Machining Properties of Kekatong (C. malaccensis)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy difficult easy moderately smooth easy smooth to rough - -
Air dry difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth difficult moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly without degrade except for some end-checking. 13 mm thick boards take 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule B is recommended. 25 mm thick boards can be kiln-dried in 8 days.

Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 60.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is 1.6% and 2.7% on the radial and tangential surfaces respectively.

DEFECTS

Desch (1941) recorded that pin holes, end splitting and end checks are common in C. malaccensis logs. Occasional spongy heart at the centre of the logs was also observed. The sapwood of C. malaccensis was reported to be very readily attacked by powder-post beetles (Burgess, 1966).   

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy construction under cover, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, beams, posts, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, flooring (heavy traffic), fender supports, railway sleepers when treated, cooling tower (structural members), staircase (apron linings, balustrades, newels and stringers), vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), pallets (heavy duty and permanent tyrpes), tool handles (impact) and laboratory benches.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timber of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 6.
  2. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malaysian Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15 Vol. 1.
  3. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. Mohd. Dahlan Jantan and Tam, M.K. (in press). Natural Durability of Some Malaysian Timbers by Stake Test. Malay. For.
  6. Mohd. Shukari Midon. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Kekatong. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 79. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp. 
  7. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kelat

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Syzygium spp. (Myrtaceae). Vernacular names applied include jambu (Sarawak), kelat (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, keriang (Peninsular Malaysia), obah (Sarawak) with various epithets and ubah (Sarawak). The latest taxonomic revision of the genus has produced 200 species. The sapwood is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light brown, pink�brown, red-brown or purple-brown with a grey tinge.

Also known as Ubah (Brunei); Plong and Tram (Cambodia); Olala (Fiji); Jaman (India); Duhat, Jambu laut, Ki tembaga and Salam (Indonesia); Va kaew (Laos); Thabye and Thabye-gui (Myanmar); Water gum (Papua New Guinea); Binolan, Makassim, Mariig and Mekasim (Philippines); Asi (Samoa Islands); Batadomba and Madan (Sri Lanka); Daeng, Dang Khao, Mao and Wa (Thailand); and Plong and Tram (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 495-1,010 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Kelat has been classified as a moderately durable timber with an average service life of 3.3 years under natural Malaysian conditions (Jackson, 1965). However, the result cannot be wholly-relied on as it was obtained only from the timber of E. griffithii. Considering the large number of Eugenia species, appreciable variation in durability within the genus is to be expected. Desch (1954) reported a test carried out on two sticks of E. chlorantha, one treated with a mixture of 50 percent creosote and 50 percent fuel oil (absorption of 123 kg/m3) and the other untreated. Both the sticks were exposed to marine conditions at Port Klang. The untreated stick remained serviceable for less than two years whereas the treated stick remained serviceable for only two to three years. 


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber of kelat does not absorb preservatives readily.    


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with interlocked, irregular or wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Kelat (E. griffithii)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear parallel(MPa)
Green - - 43.0 4.6 8.6
Air dry 17,600 116 59.0 6.0 12.8

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.

Machining Properties of Kelat (E. griffithii)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth moderately easy fairly smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth slightly difficult slightly rough difficult smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly with end-checking and insect attacks as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 10 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended.

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.3%.


DEFECTS

Logs of kelat are normally free from any serious defects except for some occasional occurence of end splits and heart shakes. Attacks by ‘pin’ and ‘powder’ post beetles are rare and not serious. E. attenuata, E. dyeriana and E. polyantha have been found to be attacked by dry wood termites.

USES

The timber is strong enough to be used for structural purposes like posts, beams, joists, rafters, medium heavy structures, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets and newels), vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework) as well as columns (light duty). If properly treated, it may be suitable for tramways, railway sleepers for secondary lines, bridges, wharves and agricultural implements.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Desch, H. E. 1954. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. II. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Lim, S. C. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Kelat. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 88. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp. 
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201pp.

Keledang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the heavy timbers of Artocarpus spp. (Moraceae). Vernacular names applied include bangkong (Peninsular Malaysia), keledang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, terap hutan (Sabah) and various other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include A. anisophyllus, A. dadah, A. heterophyllus, A. integer, A. kemando, A. lanceifolius and A. rigidus. The sapwood is light yellow to yellow-brown, sharply defined from the heartwood, which is brown or orange-brown and turns to dark brown on exposure.

Also known as Keledang (Brunei); Aini, Chaplash, Kathal (India); Keledang, Kelembi, Selangking, Tambang and Tempunik (Indonesia); Hat mi, Mai nang and Mi nang(Laos); Myauklok (Myanmar); Ham, Hang and Kapiak (Papua New Guinea); Anubing (Philippines); Del, Jak and Kanangonna (Sri Lanka); Hat, Kha Num Pan, Khanun and Ma Hat (Thailand); and Mit-nai (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 500-945 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable (A. integer and A. lanceifolius) to non-durable (A.dadah, A. heterophyllus and A. rigidus). Specimens of A. lanceifolius treated with 100% creosote were buried at the graveyard test site at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and after 35 years, 70% of the specimens were destroyed.    

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The treatability of A. lanceifolius is classified as easy.   

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and even with interlocked to deeply interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b), or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Keledang

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear parallel(MPa)
A. lanceifolius Green 14,200 86 45.2 - 14.5
Air dry 15,500 107 58.8 - 12.5
A. rigidus Green 11,600 78 38.6 4.07 9.2
Air dry 12,200 93 47.5 4.90 9.9

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy to moderately easy and the planed surface is smooth to rough in some tangential boards due to picking-up of grain.

Machining Properties of Keledang

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
A. lanceifolius Green difficult difficult easy heartwood: smooth; sapwood: picking up of grain easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult easy smooth moderately easy smooth easy slightly rough
A. ridigus Green difficult slightly difficult moderately easy tangential: smooth; radial: rough due to grain pick-up difficult rough - -
Air dry difficult difficult moderately easy smooth difficult rough - -

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is good.


AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly. 13 mm thick boards take 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months. The timber dries with minor defects like slight surface- and end-checking. Some insect attacks were noted in A. rigidus during drying.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule F is recommended.

Kiln Schedule F

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 111 44 75
60 120 48.5 109 43 70
40 125 51.5 109 43 60
30 130 54.5 109 43 50
25 140 60.0 115 46 45
20 155 68.0 124 51 40
15 170 76.5 136 58 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low, the average radial shrinkage from green to air dry is 0.9% and the tangential shrinkage is 2.2%.

DEFECTS

The logs of keledang are generally free from defects, with the exception of some that have heart shakes and small areas of spongy heart. A few pin hole galleries in the sapwood of the logs of A. lanceifolius have been recorded.

USES

The timber is highly prized as a high-class coffin timber and much of the supply is diverted to this use. The timber is also suitable for medium construction, beams, posts, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills (internal use only), columns (light duty), staircase (balustrades, carriages, risers, tread, bullnose, round ends, winders and stringers), decorative works, flooring, decking, plywood, furniture, panelling, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, packing boxes and crates as well as ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework, masts and spars).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D. T. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Keledang. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 91. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.  
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kelumpang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Sterculia spp. (Sterculiaceae). Vernacular names applied include kelumpang (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) with various epithets and biris (Sarawak). Major species of the genus include S. cordata, S. foetida, S. kunstleri, S. macrophylla and S. parviflora. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is straw-coloured to light brown.

Also known as Samrang and Samrong (Cambodia); Karar, Pinari and Udal (India); Kepuk and Pimping (Indonesia); Chong ban, Mai po heuang and Som hong (Laos); Letkok shaw-byu (Myanmar); Sterculia (Papua New Guinea); Kelumpang (Philippines); Telumbu (Sri Lanka); and Po-khanun and Samrong (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and modrately heavy with a density of 560-640 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia. 

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable, being susceptible to both powder-post beetles and dry wood termites.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven due to the presence of large rays. Grain is straight to shallowly interlocked.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to be easy to saw and work.

USES

The timber is suitable for temporary light construction, packing boxes and crates, plywood and shuttering.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kembang Semangkok

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Scaphium spp. (Sterculiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Thai origin, is SAMRONG. The timber is known as KAPAS-KAPASAN in Indonesia. There are four species of kembang semangkok found in Peninsular Malaysia. Vernacular names applied include kembang semangkok (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include S. linearicarpum, S. longiflorum, S. macropodum and S. scaphigerum. The sapwood is lighter in shade and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is yellow-brown, light buff or light brown.

Also known as Kembang Semangkok (Brunei); Kapas-kapasan and Merpayang (Indonesia); Shaw taung-thinbow (Myanmar); and Phungthalai and Samrong (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately soft and light to moderately heavy with a density of 515-755 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions. The sapwood appears to be susceptible to blue stain fungal infection and to powder-post beetle attacks. 

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very easily treated with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and uneven, due to the broad rays and wide layers of parenchyma. Grain is straight or shallowly interlocked.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Kembang Semangkok (S. macropodum)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
Green 15,500 76 37.2 - 8.6
Air dry 17,000 92 50.2 - 10.1

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut despite its earlier reputation as a difficult timber to process. Planing is easy and the surface produced is generally smooth, although occasionally some pick-up of grain has been noted in radially sawn material. Despite its good working properties, the siliceous nature of the timber may, during sawing, have an abrasive effect on the saw teeth, producing rapid blunting of cutting edges and heating of the saw. Thus, it is advisable to process the timber of kembang semangkok, whenever practicable, in the green condition as it is then appreciably easier to work. The machining properties can also be improved by using saw teeth tipped with carborundum steel. The log can be easily peeled to various thicknesses without any form of pretreatment as the presence of silica deposits in wood is of much less importance in the rotary peeling with the knife edge tending to push the silica particles to one side thereby reducing the effect of abrasion.


Machining Properties of Kembang Semangkok (S. macropodum)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth, slight grain pick up on radial face easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy slightly rough easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with only very slight degrade. The timber is prone to stain and slight end-checking; splitting has also been noted during drying. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended. The timber kiln-dries very well without any seasoning degrade but is prone to mould and blue-stain attacks. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

 

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53 80
50 135 57.0 126 52 75
40 140 60.0 126 52 65
30 150 65.5 129 54 55
20 170 76.5 136 58 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.

USES

The broad rays and the terminal bands of parenchyma produce a very attractive figure, making the timber very suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, cabinet making, joinery, furniture, plywood and staircase (apron lining, handrail and sprandrel framing). It is also suitable for posts, beams, joists, rafters, pallets (expendable and permanent light duty) and cooling tower (non structural members). In Thailand, it has been successfully used in the manufacture of match splints.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Lim, S. C. 1987. Malaysian Timbers – Kembang Semangkok. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 105. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.  
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian  Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest  Records  No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kempas

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Koompassia malaccensis (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include impas (Sabah) and menggris (Sarawak). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is white or pale yellow and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is pinkish when fresh and darkens to bright orange-red or deep brown.

Also known as Kempas (Brunei); Hampas, Impas, Kempas, Keranji, Mengeris, Mengris, Pah and Upil (Indonesia); Koompassia (Papua New Guinea); and Makupa, Sifai and Tong-bueng (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 770-1,120 kg/m3 air dry. It was reported that the material from Sabah and Sarawak is much denser than the material from Peninsular Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the standard graveyard test of untreated specimens of dimension 51 mm x 51 mm x 610 mm, the wood is classified as moderately durable under the Malaysian condition. In a test conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), the average service life for 161 untreated specimens was 2.5 years. The sapwood is very susceptible to both powder-post beetles and fungi attacks, while the heartwood is readily destroyed by termites. Kempas treated with the appropriate wood preservatives is very durable even under exposed condition. In an experiment, 40 test sticks (64 mm x 64 mm x 760 mm) with an average absorption of 224 kg/m3 (14 lb/ft3) of creosote were buried for the durability test. 25% of the specimens were destroyed after 35 years.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is amenable to preservative treatment and it is classified as easy to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even except in areas where included phloem occurs. Grain is interlocked, often very interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).  

Strength Properties of Kempas

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
Green 16,600 100 55 6 10
Air dry 18,600 122 66 8 12

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to resaw and easy to cross-cut when green but is difficult to resaw and slightly difficult to cross-cut when dried. Planing is easy in both conditions and the quality of the surfaces ranges from smooth to rough.

Machining Properties of Kempas

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy smooth to rough easy rough to slightly ragged - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult easy smooth slightly difficult rough slightly difficult rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with very few defects except for insect attacks in the sapwood. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 to 6 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 8 days to kiln-dry. Degrade is mainly in the form of spring although surface-checking and end-splitting may occur in thicker specimens. Splitting can be severe in areas where included phloem occurs.

Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
15 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is on the high side with radial shrinkage averaging 2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3%.

DEFECTS

Though some borer damage have been recorded, the logs of freshly felled K. malaccensis are generally free from defects. The major defect that is associated with the timber of kempas is the presence of included phloem. Rings of included phloem often show up conspicuously at the cross-section of the log. In sawn timber, bands of included phloem extending longitudinally can often be seen on the radial surfaces. Patches of included phloem can also be seen on sawn timbers. These zones of abnormal tissue are hard and usually give rise to seasoning degrade and mechanical weakness in the timber.   

USES

The timber when treated with preservatives is suitable for all heavy constructional works, posts, beams, joists, rafters, piling, columns (heavy duty), fender supports, pallets (permanent and heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, tool handles (impact), bridges, wharves, marine construction, railway sleepers, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms. When untreated, the timber is suitable for structures under cover, flooring, panelling, mouldings, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), plywood and charcoal manufacture. 

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Ser, C. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Kempas. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 44. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp. 
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kenidai

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Bridelia spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include balatotan (Sabah) and kernam (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include B. stipularis and B. tomentosa. The sapwood is yellow-brown and is distinct from the heartwood, which is olive-grey-brown.

Also known as Kassi (India); Kanderi, Kandri and Kanyere (Indonesia); and Scrub ironbark (Papua New Guinea).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 450-880 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The durability varies from moderately durable to non-durable under exposed conditions.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with shallowly or deeply interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw and machine well and works to a nice finish. However, B. tomentosa is reported to be extremely difficult to hand-saw when green.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to warp badly during drying.


USES

The small size of the trees precludes any extensive utilisation of this timber. The timber is suitable as pole timbers, agriculture implements, small articles and tool handles. The attractively mottled silver grain makes the wood suitable for decorative purposes.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Keranji

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dialium spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include keranji (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include D. indum, D. platysepalum, D. procerum and D. kunstleri. The sapwood is white to yellowish white, becomes light brown on exposure and is very distinct from the heartwood, which is golden brown or red-brown and darkens on exposure.

Also known as Keranji (Brunei); Kralanh and Kralanh lomie (Cambodia); Kedjongong, Kerandji, Kerandji asap, Keranji and Nyamut (Indonesia); Kheng and Mai kheem pheep (Laos); Taung-kaye (Myanmar); Kayi-khao, Khleng and Yi-thongbung (Thailand); and Xoay (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 755-1250 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Keranji is classified as moderately durable under the typical Malaysian conditions.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is difficult to treat and the heartwood is resistant to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine to moderately coarse and even, with deeply interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Keranji 

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
D. platysepalum Green 18,800 109 54.5 - 10.9
Air dry 20,100 134 72.0 - 16.0
D. wallichii Green 21,000 129 68.8 9.24 10.9
D. patens Green 19,200 156 88.7 19.72 17.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to very difficult to resaw and easy to difficult to cross-cut, depending on the species. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the planed surface is smooth, moderately smooth or rough in some radial boards due to picking-up of the grain.

Machining Properties of Keranji

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
D. laurinum Green slightly difficult slightly easy moderately easy smooth moderately easy smooth - -
Air dry - - - - - - - -
D. patens Green difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult tangential: smooth, radial: rough due to grain pick up easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry very difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth fairly easy moderately smooth easy smooth
D. platysepalum Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth
D. wallichii Green difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth - - - -
Air dry very difficult difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth - - - -

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with slight degrade, like cupping, bowing, twisting, splitting, surface-checking as well as insect and fungal attacks on the sapwood. The timber is also moderately prone to end-checking. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended. The timber is prone to surface-checking and end-splitting. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 10 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry-bulb) Temperature (Wet-bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
15 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is variable, depending on species. D. platysepalum shows high shrinkage with radial shrinkage averages 2.3% and tangential shrinkage averages 3.7%. D. wallichii shows rather low shrinkage in that radial shrinkage averages only 1% and tangential shrinkage averages 1.7%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy construction, gymnasium equipment, railway sleepers, tool handles (impact), vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), mallets, poles, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, bridges, pallets (permanent and heavy duty type), laboratory benches, heavy duty furniture, flooring (heavy traffic), piling, door and window frames and sills, posts, beams, joists, rafters, fender supports, columns (heavy duty), staircase (balustrade, carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, joinery and cabinet making.

REFERENCES

  1. Ani Sulaiman & Lim, S. C. 1990. Malaysian Timbers – Keranji. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 112. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kerlik

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Rhodoleia championi (Hamamelidaceae). Vernacular name applied include keruntum (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species has been recorded in this country, viz. R. championi. This genus is absent in Sabah and Sarawak. The sapwood is lighter in colour but not sharply defined from the heartwood which is red-brown.

Also known as Kasiebranah and Sialagundi (Indonesia).

  
DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 640-800 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with shallowly to broadly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to machine easily and produces a high finish.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season moderately fast, with slight end-splitting and some surface-checking as the only sources of degrade.

USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling and mouldings.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Keruing

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dipterocarpus spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include keruing (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, as well as other localised names which are too numerous to list here. The most commonly met species include D. elongatus, D. baudii, D. chartaceus, D. confertus, D. concavus, D. cornutus, D. costatus, D. crinitus, D. dyeri, D. gracilis, D. grandiflorus, D. kerrii, D. kunstleri, D. lowii, D. obtusifolius, D. rotundifolius, D. sublamellatus and D. verrucosus. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is invariably with a tinge of grey. The heartwood is red-brown to purple-red and darkens on exposure. The surface of the timber may be rather resinous and sticky when handled. Keruings that are believed to give the best yield of oleo-resin are D. cornutus, D. crinitus, D. grandiflorus, D. hasseltii and D. kerrii. In Thailand, D. alatus is the best known producer of this product.

Also known as Keruing (Brunei); Khlong and Thbaeng (Cambodia); Gurjan (India); Keruing, Kerup, Lagan and Tempudau (Indonesia); Mai nyang, Mai kung, Mai sat, Muak and Nha:ng (Laos); Eng, In, Kanyin and Kayin (Myanmar); Apitong and Panau (Philippines); Hora (Sri Lanka); and Heng, Hiang , Hieng, Plung, Yang, Yang-khon, Yang-na and Yang-pai (Thailand).


DENSITY

It is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 690-945 kg/m3 air dry in Peninsular Malaysia, and with a density of 595-865 kg/m3 air dry for the species found in Sabah.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber (depending on the species) is moderately durable to non-durable under exposed conditions in the tropics.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is very easily treated with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse but even, with straight to deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber of some species is easy to work, while that of others is moderately easy and some species are classified as slightly difficult. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the finish is generally smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber generally seasons well with some end-splitting and surface-checking as the main defects. The seasoning properties of some Dipterocarpus species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
D. baudii 3 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight cupping, bowing and spring.
D. cornutus 4.5 6.5 Slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight cupping, bowing and spring.
D. costulatus 2 4 Fairly fast drying; slight surface-checking; slight insect attack.
D. crinitus 2 4 Fairly fast drying; slight cupping, bowing.
D. grandiflorus 3.5 5.5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking and cupping; slight bowing, spring and insect attack.
D. kerrii 3 4 Fairly slow drying; severe cupping, slight bowing, spring and checks.
D. kunstleri 4 5.5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight cupping, bowing and spring.
D. lowii 3 5 Fairly slow drying; slight cupping, bowing and spring.
D. sublamellatus 3 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate cupping, bowing; slight spring.
D. verrucosus 3 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate cupping, bowing and spring; slight end-checks, splitting and surface-checking.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule D is recommended for kiln-drying. Care must be taken as this timber is prone to end-splitting and surface-checking.

Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry-bulb) Temperature (Wet-bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of the timber is summarised below:
Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
D. baudii 2.3 5.6 Very high shrinkage
D. cornutus 3.1 5.1 Very high shrinkage
D. costulatus 2.9 3.3 High shrinkage
D. crinitus 2.1 3.5 High shrinkage
D. grandiflorus 1.6 4 High shrinkage
D. kerrii 2.6 6.6 Very high shrinkage
D. kunstleri 2.6 5.4 Very high shrinkage
D. lowii 2.7 4.5 Very high shrinkage
D. sublamellatus 2 5.5 Very high shrinkage
D. verrucosus 3.1 7.4 Very high shrinkage

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type IV for D. sublamellatus (keruing kerut) and D. cornutus (keruing gombang) and Type V movement for D. kerrii (keruing gondol), D. costulatus (keruing kipas), D. grandiflorus (keruing belimbing) and D. lowii (keruing sol).


USES

This timber is suitable for heavy construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), container flooring and when treated, suitable for railway sleepers, harbour works, bridges, power-line poles and telegraph poles.


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Keruntum

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Combretocarpus rotundatus (Anisophylleaceae). Vernacular names applied include kayu tom (Sarawak), mutun (Sarawak), perapat paya (Sabah and Sarawak), perapat perapat (Sabah) and sabutun (Sarawak). This is a monotypic timber. The sapwood is chalky white in colour and sharply defined from the heartwood, which is red or red-brown.

Also known as Keruntum (Brunei) and Perepat darat (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 640-800 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable. 

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is amenable to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven, due to the presence of broad rays which produce an oak-like silver figure.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to saw and work.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons rather slowly without serious degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.2% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable for furniture, flooring, panelling, mouldings, partitioning and plywood. When treated, the timber can be used for heavy construction and railway sleepers.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ketapang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Terminalia spp. (Combretaceae). The timber of this genus shows a marked diversification in properties and further sub-divisions may be warranted. Vernacular names applied include belang rimau (Peninsular Malaysia), belawan (Peninsular Malaysia), jaha (Peninsular Malaysia), jelawai (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, mempelam babi (Peninsular Malaysia), talisai (Sabah) with various epithets, and telinsi (Sarawak). Major species include T. bellirica, T. calamansanai, T. catappa, T. citrina, T. copelandii, T. foetidissima, T. phellocarpa and T. subspathulata. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is poorly defined from the heartwood, which is light brown in T. citrina and T. copelandii, yellow in T. subspathulata and red-brown in T. catappa.

Also known as Damson (Australia), Taour (Cambodia); Almondwood, Arjun, Bahera, Black Chuglam, Hillock, Kindal, Laurel, Myrobalan, Silver grey, White bombwe and White chuglam (India); Jaha, Kalumpit and Ketapang (Indonesia); Haen, Mai peuay leuat, Seuak and Som mo (Laos); Taukyan (Myanmar); Gahwah, Gaurah and Talis (Papua New Guinea); Binggas, Kalumpit, Lanipau, Sakat and Talisai (Philippines); Talie (Samoa Islands); Paka and Terminalia (Soloman Islands); Balu and Kumbok (Sri Lanka); and Haen and Rokfa (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy. The individual species shows a marked variation in density, which ranges from 385 to 850 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even in T. citrina and moderately coarse in others. Grain is interlocked, often deeply interlocked.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A to Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and the planed surface is generally smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly to moderately slowly with almost no degrade except for some minor insect attacks. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 to 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 2.5 to 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low. Radial shrinkage averages 0.9% while tangential shrinkage averages 1.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable as a general planking timber, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, skirtings, joinery, cabinet making, furniture, plywood, flooring, packing boxes and crates, pallets (expendable type) and staircase (apron lining, baluster, balustrades, carriages, handrail, risers, stringers, treads, bullnose, round ends and winder).

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kulim

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Scorodocarpus borneensis (Olacaceae).  Vernacular names applied include bawang hutan (Sabah and Sarawak) and ungsunah (Sarawak). This is a monotypic timber. The sapwood is light yellow in colour and is moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is dark purple-brown to dark red-brown.

Also known as Bawan, Kasino, Kayu bawang, Kulim, Madudu and Sinduk (Indonesia); and Krathiam ton, Kuleng and Kulim (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 640-975 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Kulim is classified as moderately durable under Malaysian conditions. This rating is based on the standard graveyard test of untreated specimens of dimensions 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). In the test, 60 specimens were used and the average service life was found to be 4 years (Jackson, 1965).

Kulim is immune to powder post beetle attacks (Menon, 1958) but not to ambrosia beetles (Desch, 1941). Attack by termites does not appear to be severe. The main cause of destruction of the timber is rot. The timber is also immune to marine borers. Trials at Port Klang indicate that it is not greatly inferior to belian. Untreated specimens of 13 x 13 cm (5 x 5 in) and 13 x 26 cm (5 x 10 in) remained serviceable for 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 years respectively, while treated specimens (13 x 13 cm, treated by open tank method to 107 kg/m3 absorption of 50/50 creosote and diesel fuel, and 13 x 26 cm treated to 107 kg/m3 absorption by a full-cell process) had a service life of 3 and 5 years respectively (Walter, 1941). From these figures, it is expected that 30 x 30 cm (12 x 12 in) untreated piles may have a service life of 7 to 10 years. 


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Kulim is classified as average in the amenability classification.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with shallowly to deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Kulim

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
Green 13,300 78 44.4 4.48 8.8
Air dry 14,900 107 57.0 5.10 10.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and is easy to slightly difficult to cross-cut. The air dried material is slightly difficult to plane but the quality of finish is smooth.

Machining Properties of Kulim

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult smooth slightly difficult smooth moderately easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with moderate end-checking and splitting and slight surface-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.7% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.2%.


DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from defects except for the core which is often defective.


USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction under cover, posts, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, bridges and tool handles (impact). The timber possesses a certain degree of resistance to marine borers and may be used in the marine environment. The timber is also suitable for ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), flooring, railway sleepers, cooling towers (structural members), columns (light duty) and telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms when treated with preservatives.


REFERENCES

  1. Abd. Rashid b. Hj. A. Malik. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Kulim. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 77. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp. 
  2. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15 Vol. 1.
  3. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest ServiceTrade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  4. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  5. Menon, K. D. 1958. Susceptibility of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 27.
  6. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  7. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  8. Walter, F.S. 1941. Resistance of Timbers of Marine Borer Attack. Mal. For. X: 145.
  9. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kundang

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Bouea spp. (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied include kundang (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, kundangan (Peninsular Malaysia), merapoh (Peninsular Malaysia), remia (Peninsular Malaysia) and remenia (Peninsular Malaysia). Only two species have been recorded for Malaysia, viz. B. macrophylla and B. oppositifolia. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light brown with a red tinge or grey-brown. Sometimes, a core of dark coloured wood is formed in some trees.

Also known as Patjar and Tampusu (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 675-895 kg/m3 air dry. A density of 910-1,130 kg/m3 air dry was recorded for two specimens of B. oppositifolia from Indonesia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The heartwood is reputed to be durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and even, with interlocked grain.

USES

Uses of the timber include house building such as joists and rafters, tool handles and rice pounders. In Indo-China, the frequently occurring burrs on the bole are used for joinery. The dark brown core of the heartwood is sought after in Peninsular Malaysia for cabinet work and tobacco pipes. The dense crowns render Bouea an attractive ornamental shade tree.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Kungkur

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Albizia splendens (syn.: Pithecellobium splendens) (Leguminosae). Vernacular name for the timber is kungkur throughout the country. The sapwood is white or light brown in colour and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light red-brown and darkens on exposure to a deep shade of brown.

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 465-850 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions and the sapwood is highly susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is moderately difficult to difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with slightly interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth and lustrous.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with only slight end-checking and splitting and moderate insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is extremely low. Radial shrinkage averages 0.6% while tangential shrinkage averages 0.9%.

MOVEMENT IN SERVICE

The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type III.

USES

The timber is suitable for furniture manufacture, high-class cabinet work, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, carving, ornamental items, posts, beams, joists, rafters, railway sleepers, door and window frames and sills, plywood, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets and balustrades) and flooring.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Langsat

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Lansium spp. (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include duku (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include L. domesticum. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is yellow or orange-yellow.

DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 945-1,040 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and uneven due to the presence of abundant parenchyma. Grain is interlocked.

USES

The trees are more famous for their edible fruits than for their timber. The timber is reported to be tough and elastic and is suitable for handles of tools and fence posts.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Laran

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae). Vernacular names applied include entipong (Sarawak), kelampayan (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak), kelempayan (Sabah), limpoh (Sabah) and sempayan (Sarawak). Only one species is of importance in this country. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white with a yellow tinge and darkens to creamy yellow on exposure.

Also known as Thkoow (Cambodia); Anthocephalus (Fiji); Kadam (India); Emajang, Jabon, Laran and Semama (Indonesia); Koo-somz and Sako (Laos); Maukadon, Mau-lettan-she and Yemau (Myanmar); Kadam (Pakistan); Kaatoan bangkal (Philippines); and Ka Thum, Kra Thum, Krathum-bok and Taku (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 290-465 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It should be fairly easy to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG 7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with slight end checks, splitting and insect attack as the main sources of degrade. The timber is also moderately prone to sapstaining. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low with radial shrinkage averaging 0.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.1%.

USES

The timber is suitable for the manufacture of plywood, packing boxes and crates, wooden sandals, disposable chopsticks, ladies shoe soles and possibly as a source of short fibre pulp. It is also suitable for dug-outs or canoes and less expensive furniture if properly seasoned.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The MalaysianTimber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Leban

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name of the trees and timber of Vitex spp. (Verbenaceae). Vernacular name applied in Sabah is kulimpapa, while in Sarawak it is known as leban paya. The most common species of the genus is V. pinnata. The sapwood is moderately clearly defined and is lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is light straw-coloured to light yellowish brown.

Also known as P.N.G teak (Australia); Milla (India); Gupasa, Ketileng, Laban, Leban bunga and Serawet (Indonesia); Kyetyo (Myanmar); Garamut (Papua New Guinea); Bongoog and Molave (Philippinea); Gufasa (Samoa Islands); Soloman vitex (Soloman Islands); Milla (Sri Lanka); and Tin Nok (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 705-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be durable, even in contact with the ground.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight or interlocked grain.

USES

No large sized timber is produced by this species as the boles of the tree are normally short and crooked. However, the timber has been used for posts, handles for tools and is popularly used for carving and manufacture of ornamental items.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Lelayang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Parishia spp.(Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied include kedondong hijau (Peninsular Malaysia), layang-layang (Sabah), sepul (Peninsular Malaysia), surian (Peninsular Malaysia) and upi (Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include P. insignis, P. maingayi and P. paucijuga. The sapwood is not well defined but is slightly lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is red-brown to light brown.

Also known as Red dhup (India); Balom tembaga, Kayu bengkarung and Kayu sepa (Indonesia); Pwe-baung (Myanmar); Bulabog and Malabog (Philippines); and Chan-ruchi and Ngokkhang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft, light to moderately heavy with a density of 545-755 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable, being susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is very difficult to saw and difficult to work. The planed surface produced is rough.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with only slight degrades in the form of cupping, bowing and twisting. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 to 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.1% while tangential shrinkage averages 5.5%.

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction, general planking, pallets (expendable type), packing boxes and crates, toothpicks and plywood.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Light Red Meranti

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the pink-red and lightweight timber of the genus Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names used include majau (Sabah), meranti (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, seraya batu (Sabah) with various epithets, red seraya (Sabah) and various other local names too numerous to list here. Major species include S. acuminata (partly), S. dasyphylla, S. hemsleyana, S. johorensis, S. lepidota, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, S. palembanica, S. parvifolia, S. platycarpa (partly) and S. teysmanniana. The sapwood is lighter in colour, usually greyish and distinct from the heartwood, which is light pink to light red or light brown.

Also known as Light Red Meranti (Brunei); Meranti merah, Meranti merah muda, Seraya merah (Indonesia); Almon, Light red lauan, Light Red Philippine Mahogany, Mayapis, Tangile and Urung (Philippines); Saya and Saya-khao (Thailand).


DENSITY

This is a Light Hardwood with a density of 385-755 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Light red meranti (LRM) is not durable when used in contact with the ground or in exposed conditions. The heartwood is resistant to fungal attacks but not resistant to termite attacks. However, the sapwood of the timber is liable to attack by drywood termites which may subsequently spread to the heartwood. Almost all the species of LRM are resistant to powder-post beetle attacks (Menon, 1957). The standard graveyard tests conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) have indicated that the average service life of this timber is less than two years and is therefore classified as not durable (Jackson, 1965; Dahlan & Tam, in press). However, this classification applies to the less durable species like S. ovalis, S. leprosula and S. teysmanniana. For S. acuminata, S. parvifolia and S. hemsleyana, the average service life is more than two years and are classified as moderately durable. Similar tests done at Princess Risborough (U.K.) showed that it is moderately durable with a service life of 15-25 years when in contact with the ground (Anon., 1975). It was reported by Burgess (1966) that the timber is highly susceptible to attack by marine borers.  


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The LRM is generally resistant to preservative impregnation.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of LRM

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. acuminata Green 10,500 54 27.4 2.41 6.3
S. hemsleyana Green 13,200 68 37.0 - 7.7
Air dry 13,400 77 42.7 - 11.0
S. leprosula Green 11,400 53 29.0 2.39 6.4
Air dry 13,600 75 41.4 2.51 6.8
S. parvifolia Green 9,300 50 25.6 2.00 5.9
Air dry 10,200 63 34.5 2.41 6.5

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and gives a smooth planed surface.

Machining Properties of LRM

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. acuminata Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth
S. hemsleyana Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy smooth
S. leprosula Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy moderately smooth easy moderately smooth
S. parvifolia Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy moderately smooth
S. teysmanniana Green easy easy easy moderately smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property of most species tested is good, except for S. hemsleyana, which is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of some species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 25 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
S. hemsleyana 2.5 - 5 Moderately slow drying; free from all seasoning defects.
S. leprosula 2 3.5 4 Fairly fast drying; free from seasoning defects.
S. parvifolia 2 3.5 4 Fairly fast drying; free from seasoning defects.
S. teysmanniana - 4.5 - Moderately slow drying; slight bowing and twist.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule F is recommended. The timber dries rapidly without degrade. 25 mm thick boards take about 6 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content, while 50 mm thick boards will require about 20 days.

Kiln Schedule F

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 111 44.0 75
60 120 48.5 109 43.0 70
40 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
30 130 54.5 109 43.0 50
25 140 60.0 115 46.0 45
20 155 68.0 124 51.0 40
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species tested are summarised below: 

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
S. hemsleyana 1.9 5.4 High shrinkage, especially in the tangential direction.
S. leprosula 2.1 5 High shrinkage, especially in the tangential direction.
S. parvifolia 1.5 4.8 High shrinkage, especially in the tangential direction.
S. teysmanniana 1.6 7.4 Very high tangential shrinkage.

DEFECTS

The presence of brittle heart is more severe and wide spread in LRM than in dark red meranti. The defect is often accompanied by advanced stages of rot resulting in hollow cores in old and over-matured trees. It can be readily identified on the sawn end of the affected part, which is rough and irregular in outline. The frequent transverse fracture of the fibre on the sawn surface is further evidence of its presence. LRM timbers are liable to attack by ‘shot-hole’ and ‘pin-hole’ beetles and in some cases it can be quite severe.

USES

The timber is very popular as a general utility timber, being suitable for furniture, interior finishing, panelling, partitioning, mouldings, skirtings, decorative works, joinery, shop and office fittings, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets, baluster, balustrade, handrail and sprandrel framing), flooring, decking, posts, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, pallets (expendable type), tool handles (non-impact), vehicle bodies (planking), ship and boat building (general planking), ornamental items, cooling tower (non-structural members), plywood and light construction works.

REFERENCES

  1. Anon. 1975. The Natural Durability Classification of Timber. Tech. Note No. 40, Princess Risborough Lab., U.K.
  2. Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 6.
  3. Choo, K. T. & Lim, S. C. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Light Red Meranti. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 75. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 11 pp.
  4. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest ServiceTrade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  5. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  6. Menon, K. D. 1957. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 27.
  7. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  8. Mohd. Dahlan Jantan & Tam, M. K. Natural Durability of Some Malaysian Timbers by Stake Tests. In press.
  9. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  10. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Limpaga

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sabah origin, for the timber of Toona spp. (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include kalantas (Sabah), ranggau (Sabah), surian (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets and tangisan burong (Peninsular Malaysia). The name limpaga is often applied to more than one genus from the family Meliaceae in Sabah. Major species include Toona sinensis and T. sureni. The sapwood is grey-white or pink and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light red or red-brown.

Also known as Red cedar (Australia); Chomcha (Cambodia); Hill Toon and Toon (India); Suren and Surian (Indonesia); Mai nyom hom (Laos); Thikado and Toon (Myanmar); Toon (Pakistan); Red cedar (Papua New Guinea); Kalantas (Philippines); and Moulmein cedar, Toon and Yom-Hom (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 270-530 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and uneven due to the ring-porous nature of the wood. The grain is interlocked or wavy.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without any degrade except for some light warping. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 3.5 months to air dry.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. The timber dries fast without any degrade. 25 mm thick boards kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content in 6 days.

Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.7%.

USES

This timber is equivalent to the red cedar of Australia and the Spanish cedar. It is highly prized as a high-class cabinet wood and also suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, furniture, joinery, plywood, cigar boxes, ornamental items and other decorative purposes.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ludai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Sapium spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include gurah (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) and mamah pelandok (Peninsular Malaysia). Only two species are commonly found in the country, viz. S. baccatum and S. discolor. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown, sometimes with a pink tinge.

Also known as Seleng (India); Morowoelande and Morsee (Indonesia); Lelun (Myanmar); Balakat gubat (Philippines); and Tilla (Sri Lanka).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 290-465 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber can be treated with preservatives easily.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight or deeply interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and works well with all tools. The planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with some insect attacks and some staining by fungi. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very low, with radial shrinkage averages 0.8% while tangential shrinkage averages 1.8%.


USES

The timber is suitable for plywood as well as packing boxes and crates. The timber is most likely to be suitable for pulp and paper manufacture.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Machang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Mangifera spp. (Anacardiaceae). Many vernacular names for the species of this genus have been recorded and they include asam (Sabah) with various epithets, bachang (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak), lanjut (Peninsular Malaysia), figured asam (Sabah), machang api (Peninsular Malaysia), machang hutan (Peninsular Malaysia), mangga (Peninsular Malaysia), mempelam (Peninsular Malaysia), pauh (Peninsular Malaysia), rawa (Peninsular Malaysia) and other localised names too numerous to list here. Major forest species of Mangifera include M. applanata, M. caesa, M. foetida, M. griffithii, M. indica, M. longipetiolata, M. laurina, M. odorata, M. pajang, M. parviflora, M. quadrifida and M. torquenda. The sapwood is not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is light pink-brown to light brown. In many trees, a streaky corewood is produced, where the wood is dark brown interspersed with streaks of blacks. This figured material is usually with a natural sheen.

Also known as Pacific walnut (Australia); Machang (Brunei); Svay prey (Cambodia); Mangga and Mango (India); Mangga hutan and Membacang (Indonesia); Thayet (Myanmar); Magga and Mango (Pakistan); Malapaho, Paho and Pahutan (Philippines); Ailai and Asai (Soloman Islands); Estamba (Sri Lanka); Ma Muang Pa and Mamuang (Thailand); and Xoan tia (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 545-610 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable to non-durable under exposed conditions. Under graveyard test conditions, untreated specimens of M. foetida (50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm) lasted only up to two years. The timber is subjected to subterranean termite and fungal attacks. Treated specimens of the same size and species were planted in the graveyard test site and after 22 years, 60% of the specimens have been destroyed (Tam, 1982).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

This timber is classified as very easy to average to treat with preservatives. 


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with straight to interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Machang

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
M. indica Green 6,700 44 21.8 - 9.2
Air dry 7,500 57 32.1 - 12.2
M. foetida Green 12,800 68 36.3 4.83 9.0
Air dry 14,300 90 48.2 6.14 13.1

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to resaw when green but is easy when air dry. Planing is easy but the surface produced is only moderately smooth with grain pick-up on the radial side.

Machining Properties of Machang

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
M. foetida Green easy to difficult easy easy tangential: smooth; radial: rough easy rough to smooth - -
Air dry moderately easy easy easy moderately smooth easy slightly rough easy rough
M. indica Green slightly difficult easy easy tangential: smooth; radial: rough difficult rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth difficult rough - -

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with very few defects. Slight bowing, end-checking, splitting, cupping and some insect attacks are the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take an average of 3 months to air dry while 38 mm thick boards take an average of 4 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule F is recommended.

Kiln Schedule F

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry-bulb) Temperature (Wet-bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 111 44 75
60 120 48.5 109 43 70
40 125 51.5 109 43 60
30 130 54.5 109 43 50
25 140 60.0 115 46 45
20 155 68.0 124 51 40
15 170 76.5 136 58 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.9%.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from defects except for borer attacks, which are confined to the sapwood.

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction, planking, flooring, packing boxes and crates, plywood, pallets (expendable as well as permanent and light duty type), posts, beams, joists, rafters and cooling tower (non-structural members). The streaky corewood is highly prized as a decorative timber and is used for high class cabinet work, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, furniture, ornamental items and staircase (apron lining, handrails and sprandrel framing).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest ServiceTrade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D. T. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Machang. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 68. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp. 
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Tam, M. K. 1982. Unpublished report.
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Magasawih

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Duabanga spp. (Sonneratiaceae). Vernacular names applied include berembang bukit (Peninsular Malaysia), magas (Sabah), sawih (Sarawak) and tagahas (Sabah). There are only two species in Malaysia, viz. D. grandiflora (occurring only in Peninsular Malaysia) and D. moluccana (occurring only in Sabah and Sarawak). The sapwood is lighter in colour and not sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light red-brown.

Also known as Dem chhoeuter and Dlom chloeu ter (Cambodia); Lampati (India); Benuang laki, Gayawas hutan and Kalanggo (Indonesia); Ling ngo, Mai lin ngo, Phay, Sa phay and Ten (Laos); Lampati and Myaukngo (Myanmar); Banderbola (Pakistan); Duabanga (Papua New Guinea); Loktob (Philippines); Lamphaen, Lamphu-pa and Tum ten (Thailand); and Phay (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 385-465 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is coarse but even, with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be fairly strong and falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be easy to saw and work.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season well without serious degrade.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 3.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 6.6%.

USES

The timber is not used to any extent presently but should be suitable for general planking, packing boxes and crates, shuttering and plywood. The trees are reputed to grow very rapidly and this timber may be a source of short-fibred pulp for the manufacture of paper.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mahang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Macaranga spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names include benuah (Sarawak), kubin (Peninsular Malaysia), linkabong (Sabah), mahang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, marakubong (Sabah), merkabong (Sabah), mesepat (Peninsular Malaysia) and sedaman (Sabah) with various epithets. Major species include M. beccarianus, M. gigantea, M. hosei, M. hypoleuca, M. lowii, M. pruinosa and M. winkleri. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown, occasionally with a pink tinge.

Also known as Mavu (Fiji); Mahang Kapur and Mahang manggong (Indonesia); Petawaing (Myanmar); Macaranga (Papua New Guinea); Hamindang (Philippines); Lau-pata (Samoa Islands); and Lo (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy, with density of most species ranging from 270-495 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be very easy to work.   

USES

The timber is suitable for the manufacture of match splints, match boxes, pulp and paper, particleboard, cement-bonded board and plywood. Peeled mahang poles are frequently used for temporary construction and especially for parts of native houses, which are not in contact with the ground. The timber is used for light framing, interior or trim, mouldings as well as packing boxes and crates. In the Philippines, it is a favourite wood for wooden shoes.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Malabera

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Fagraea crenulata (Loganiaceae). Vernacular names applied include malabira (Sabah). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light cream in colour.

Also known as Bebira, Kayu bulan and Malabira (Indonesia); and Lumping and Niam ruesee (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately soft and light with a density of 440-660 kg/m3 air dry and an average density of 545 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The amenability to preservative treatment is classified as average.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and the surface produced is smooth.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly, with minor dimensional movements, end-checking, splitting and insect and fungal attacks as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average with radial shrinkage averaging 1.2% while tangential shrinkage averaging 2.5%.

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction under cover, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, plywood, pallets as well as packing boxes and crates.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Malabera Bukit

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Mussuendopsis beccariana (Rubiaceae). Vernacular names applied include mempedal babi (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species has been recorded for this country, viz. M. beccariana. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is orange-yellow with orange streaks.

Also known as Patin, Rambai tiang, Selumar putih and Selumar terung (Indonesia); and Chan chu kang (Singapore).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 915-930 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reported to be durable when exposed to the weather.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be rather difficult to saw.

USES

The timber has been used as substitute for the more durable belian timber and reported to be suitable for construction posts, shingles and boat building.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Marajali

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Trigoniastrum hypoleucum (Trigoniaceae). Other vernacular names applied include mata pasak (Peninsular Malaysia) and meriali (Peninsular Malaysia). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow, with olive tinge.

Also known as Kayu bras, Mangkundor and Tinggiran batu (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is hard or very hard and heavy or very heavy with an average density of 945 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to split badly during drying.

USES

Uses of the timber include furniture and other utility purposes.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mata Keli

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Gynotroches axillaris (Rhizophoraceae). Vernacular names applied include buloh-buloh (Peninsular Malaysia) and membuloh (Peninsular Malaysia). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is not defined and the heartwood is pale brown with a pink or red hue or red-brown.

Also known as Kayu bulu, Kendung, Kukuran and Mengkeli (Indonesia); Kibal, Malakulambisan and Talingan (Philippines); and Ai kraek and Mueat khon (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 540-710 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse to moderately coarse and uneven, due to the presence of broad rays. Grain is straight or interlocked.

USES

The timber is suitable for general house construction under cover and other general utility purposes.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mata Ulat

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Kokoona spp. (Celastraceae). Vernacular names applied include bajan (Sarawak) and perupok (Peninsular Malaysia) in older Malaysian literature, when the species were grouped together with those of Lophopetalum and also perupok kuning (Sabah). Major species include K. littoralis, K. ochraceae, K. ovata-lanceolata and K. reflexa. The sapwood is lighter in colour and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is whitish to yellow-brown.

Also known as Sepali (Indonesia) and Laying (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 895-1,055 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Jackson (1965) reported on a trial involving 48 pieces of K. reflexa. All specimens were destroyed witthin 5 years and gave an average life span of 4.2 years. The timber is thus classified as moderately durable. The timber is not resistant to subterranean termites. Sawn timbers have also been attacked by both powder-post beetles and sap-staining fungi.      


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.   


TEXTURE

Texture is fine but uneven due to the thick bands of parenchyma. Grain is interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Mata Ulat (K. littoralis)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 16,300 102 53.1 6.8 10.7

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is smooth in the tangential direction but slightly rough due to some grain pick-up in the radial direction.

Machining Properties of Mata Ulat (K. littoralis)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy tangential: smooth; radial; some grain pick-up easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth difficult rough

AIR DRYING

 The seasoning characteristics are summarired below:
Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
K. littoralis 3 5 Fairly slow drying; slight splitting; moderate end-checking and surface-checking; insect attacks.
K. reflexa 2 3.5 Fairly rapid drying; slight end-checking, splitting and surface-checking.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 10 days to dry.

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)(approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage is summarired below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
K. littoralis 2.6 3 Fairly high shrinkage.
K. reflexa 1.6 2 Average shrinkage.

DEFECTS

The logs of mata ulat are remarkably free from defects. However, during storage, degrade in the form of end-splitting and checking may appear. The sapwood is liable to be attacked by powder-post beetles.  

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy construction if treated, e.g. posts, beams, joists, rafters, bridges and railway sleepers. The timber is also suitable for heavy duty and decorative furniture, fender supports, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, flooring (heavy traffic), door and window frames and sills, staircase (angle block, rough bracket, handrail and sprandrel framing), joinery, cabinet making, tool handles (impact) and vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards).

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1. Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Mata Ulat. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 70. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 10 pp.

Medang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the lightweight members of the family Lauraceae. Vernacular names applied are usually medang (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets and other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include Actinodaphne sesquipedalis, A. sphaerocarpa; Alseodaphne insignis, A. nigrescens, A. peduncularis, A. pendulifolia; Beilschemiedia insignis; Cinnamomum sintoc, C. iners, C. javanicum, C. porrectum, C. scortechinii; Cryptocarya bracteolata, C. griffithiana, C. kurzii; Dehaasia cuneata, D. pauciflora, D. polyneura; Lindera bibracteata, L. lucida, L. oxyphylla; Litsea castanea, L. costalis, L. curtisii, L. elliptica, L. firma, L. grandis, L. nidularis, L. robusta, L. tomentosa; Nothaphoebe coriaceae, N. obovata, N. panduriformis, N. umbelliflora; Persea declinata, P. excelsa, P. rimosa; Phoebe declinata, P. elliptica and P. grandis. The sapwood ranges from a light straw-colour to light yellow-green and is not distinct in some species but moderately sharply defined from the heartwood in other species. The heartwood is variable in colour, the majority being light olive-brown to dark green-brown, while some Cryptocarya spp. and Phoebe spp. are light red-brown and some Cinnamomum spp. are pink to light red. Beilschmiedia spp. are yellow-white in colour and Actinodaphne spp. are light yellow-green to dark olive-green.

Also known as Bolly silkwood, Bollywood, Brown walnut, Pepperwood, Rose maple, Silver sycamore and Yellow walnut (Australia); Medang (Brunei); Malo-malo (Fiji); Bonsum, Cinnamon, Kalasum and Nelthare (India); Anjoer poeteh, Bambalinas, Garete borong, Haru, Huru, Kalandoi, Karematoe mongkoeni, Koeni dewata, Kondomge molaba, Lamau-lamau, Latuk, Malika, Medang air, Medang huarau, Medang kelama, Medang lesa, Medang perawas, Medang seluang, Medang tanahan, Medang tariduk, Nio, Ponto lapi, Tabuloh, Tenggera, Woelende and Wuru (Indonesia); Chik dong, Chuang, Mai chouang hom, Mai chuang and Si khaiton (Laos); Kyese, Kyese-payon, Ondon and Shawdu (Myanmar); Tawa (New Zealand); Cryptocarya and Litsea (Papua New Guinea); Bagaoring, Bati kuling, Benogan, Dugkatan, Kaburo, Lamot, Malabunga, Malakadios, Manayan, Marang and Margapali (Philippines); Ranai (Sri Lanka); Kra Thang, Rarechor, Satit, Si-Rai, Thammang, Thang and Thang-baiya (Thailand); and Boi loi (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 350-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is on the whole non-durable, being subject to fungal attacks. Some species are immune to termite attacks.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is difficult to treat while the sapwood absorbs preservatives readily.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with straight or slightly to moderately interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to slightly difficult to resaw and is easy to moderately easy to cross-cut. The timber is easy to plane and the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning characteristics of some species are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
Alseodaphne insignis 3 5 Fairly slow drying rate.
Cinnamomum porrectum 3 5 Fairly slow drying rate.
Dehaasia nigrescens 3 4.5 Fairly slow drying rate.
Litsea firma 4 5 Fairly slow drying rate.
L. costalis 2.5 3.5 Fairly fast drying rate.

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
Alseodaphne insignis 1.6 3.2 Fairly high shrinkage.
Cinnamomum porrectum 1.1 2.2 Average shrinkage.
Dehaasia nigrescens 0.9 2.5 Average shrinkage.
Litsea firma 2 3.9 High shrinkage.
L. costalis 1.2 2.7 Fairly high shrinkage.

USES

The timber is suitable for decorative works, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, furniture, joinery, cabinet making, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets, apron lining, newel and sprandrel framing), ship and boat building (general planking), ornamental items, pencil, tool handles (impact) and plywood, while the heavier species are suitable for medium construction under cover.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice For The Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Melagangai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Potoxylon melagangai (syn.: Eusideroxylon melagangai; Lauraceae). Vernacular names applied include belian kapok (Sarawak), belian kebuau (Sarawak) and belian malagangai (Sarawak). The sapwood is yellowish when fresh and sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a distinct reddish tinge.

Also known as Malagangai (Brunei).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and strong with a density of 525-920 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Heavy Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is very durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with fairly straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw easily.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly easily.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high. Radial shrinkage averages 2.4% while tangential shrinkage averages 4.4%.

USES

The timber is used for heavy construction, railway sleepers, mallets, boat building, posts, paddles, fences, pepper posts and shingles.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Melantai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for certain lightweight reddish and yellowish timber of Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include belantai (Kedah), kawang with various epithets in Sabah, engkabang for S. macrophylla in Sarawak and melantai (Peninsular Malaysia). The species as a group are more developed in Sabah and Sarawak than in Peninsular Malaysia. Only one species occurs in Peninsular Malaysia and that is S. macroptera. The other species belonging to this group include S. macrophylla, S. parvistipulata ssp. parvistipulata, S. pilosa, S. pinanga and S. scaberrima. The timber is separated from the red merantis on the grounds in that melantai is usually lighter in density and tends to have a bright yellow tinge. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is not sharply defined but moderately distinct from the heartwood, which is yellow-pink when freshly cut, weathering to a light pink colour with a yellow tinge.

Also known as Meranti Merah (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 415-625 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable in exposed conditions.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work and planes to a smooth and highly lustrous surface.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without any defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended. The timber dries very fast without degrade. 25 mm thick boards take an average of 6 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)(approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53.0 80
50 135 57.0 126 52.0 75
40 140 60.0 126 52.0 65
30 150 65.5 129 54.0 55
20 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, especially when compared with other species of Shorea. Radial shrinkage averages 0.9% while tangential shrinkage averages 2.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, mouldings, panelling, pallet (expendable type), furniture, staircase (handrail, sprandrel framing, angle blocks and rough brackets), plywood, joinery, cabinet making, tool handles (non-impact), planking, shelving and the manufacture of doors.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Melunak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Pentace spp. (Tiliaceae). Vernacular names applied include balong ayam (Peninsular Malaysia), baru (Sarawak), janda baik (Peninsular Malaysia), kebal ayam (Peninsular Malaysia), kempayang hantu (Peninsular Malaysia), melunak (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, pinang baik (Peninsular Malaysia) and takalis (Sabah) with various epithets. Major species include P. adenophora, P. curtisii, P. laxiflora, P. macrophylla and P. triptera. The sapwood is yellow or light straw-coloured and is moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is brown with a red or pink tinge or red-brown.

Also known as Melunak (Brunei); Sisiet and Tassiet (Cambodia); Kayu pinang and Pinang (Indonesia); Mai si siat and Sisiet (Laos); Kashit, Thitka, Thit-kashit and Thitsho (Myanmar); Si-Sat, Sisiat, Sisiat-pluak and Tongsuk (Thailand); and Nghien (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 530-755 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the standard graveyard test on melunak conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), the average service life of the untreated specimens was 2.1 years. Melunak is therefore classified as moderately durable under exposed conditions. When the specimens were treated with creosote to an average absorption of 90 kg/m3 (5.6 lb/ft3) by the open tank method and tested, it was found that all the 40 test sticks were destroyed after 14.2 years, showing that treated melunak can be rendered durable by treatment.   


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with shallowly to deeply interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Melunak (P. triptera)

Condition Moisture Content(%) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Impact bending(mm) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Side hardness(Newton) Shear parallel to grain (MPa)
Green 63 69 10,600 790 35.4 4,050 7.7
Air dry 16.1 85 12,000 710 43.6 4,090 10.8

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and is easy to slightly difficult to cross-cut. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the quality of finish is generally smooth but the green material shows some grain pick-up in the radial direction.

Machining Properties of Melunak (P. triptera)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy tangential smooth; radial rough due to grain pick-up - - - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with very few defects. Slight bowing, twisting, end-checking and staining are the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate, radial shrinkage averages 1.4% while tangential shrinkage averages 2.5%.

DEFECTS

Melunak logs are normally free from defects. The timber of P. triptera has been recorded to be very slightly attacked by powder-post beetles and shot-hole borers (Desch, 1954). Melunak timber is classified as rarely susceptible to powder-post beetles attacks (Menon, 1957). No sap-stain infection has been recorded.

USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, decorative works, panelling, mouldings, superior joinery, cabinet making, furniture, flooring, ornamental items, joists, railway sleepers, plywood, staircase (apron lining, carriages, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), pallets (expendable and permanent light duty types) and other light construction. There is a suggestion that this timber will make good diving boards. In Burma, similar timber is sold under the name of ‘Burma Mahogany’ or ‘Thitka’ and is a very popular wood for high class furniture.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1954. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. II Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Ho, K. S. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Melunak. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 80. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp. 
  4. Menon, K. D. 1957. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malaysian Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Mal. For. Vol. 20(1) pp.19-23.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mempening

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Lithocarpus spp. and Quercus spp. (Fagaceae). Vernacular names applied include mempening (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak), which is widely used throughout the country and sabah oak in Sabah in obvious reference to its close botanical relationship with the temperate oaks. Major species include Lithocarpus cantleyanus, L. cyclophorus, L. encleisocarpus, L. ewyckii, L. gracilis, L. lampadarius, L. lucidus, L. maingayi, L. sundaicus, L. urceolaris, L. wallichianus; Quercus argentata and Q. gemelliflora. The sapwood is not always clearly defined but is usually lighter in colour than the heartwood, which varies between yellow-brown and red-brown, sometimes dark red.

Also known as Indian oak (India); Kalal, Mempening batu, Mempening bunga, Mempening sunda, Obu, Pasang, Pinanak, Takalet and Uba (Indonesia); New Guinea oak (Papua New Guinea); Menaring, Oak and Pangnan (Philippines); Ko and Ko muu (Thailand); and Gie (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 575-1,010 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven due to the irregular distribution of the vessels and due to the wide rays. Grain is straight to interlocked and a true oak-line silver figure is prominent on the radial surface.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw when green but is slightly difficult to work when air dried. The planed surface produced is smooth but the quality of finish when turned is rough.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly, with only slight bowing, end-checking, splitting and moderate staining as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 1.9% while tangential shrinkage averages 4.2%.

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy and medium construction if protected from termite attacks. It is also suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, decorative and high class furniture, flooring, staircase (apron lining, handrail and sprandrel framing), vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), pallets (heavy duty and permanent type), plywood, columns (light duty), railway sleepers, tool handles (impact), door and window frames and sills, posts, beams, joists, rafters as well as telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mempisang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the family Annonaceae. Vernacular names applied include akau (Sarawak), antoi (Peninsular Malaysia), jangkang (Peninsular Malaysia), karai (Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, kepayang babi (Sarawak), mangitan (Peninsular Malaysia), manitan (Peninsular Malaysia) and pisang-pisang (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Major species include Alphonsea curtisii, A. elliptica, A. johorensis, A. maingayi; Cyathocalyx pruniferus, C. sumatranus; Mezzettia parviflora; Mitrephora maingayi, M. vulpina; Monocarpia euneura; Platymita siamensis; Polyalthia glauca, P. hypoleuca, P. sclerophylla, P. sumatrana; Xylopia ferruginea, X. fusca and X. stenopetala. The sapwood is normally not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-white or light yellow-brown, often with a green tinge.

Also known as Mempisang (Brunei); Mako (Fiji); Debdaru, Gauri and Nedunar (India); Banitan putih, Jongkong, Kepayong babi, Langolia maeto, Loera poete, Mahabai, Mandjat, Oenrolia wone, Salak, Semukau padi, Suluh, Tapal madu, Tepis and Uras lemah (Indonesia); Taw and Tawsagasein (Myanmar); Bolon, Dalinas, Kalai and Yellow Lanutan (Philippines); Netawa (Sri Lanka); and An-phong (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 370-975 kg/m3 air dry, although the majority of the timbers fall within the range of 515-720 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Mempisang has been classified as non-durable under exposed conditions in Malaysia (Wong, 1982). The above classification is mainly based on the findings by Jackson (1965) who tested the timber Monocarpia marginalis (formerly known as Cyathocalyx maingayi) under natural conditions and the timber was completely destroyed in slightly more than a year. Mohd. Dahlan et. al., (1987) tested the natural durability of three species of mempisang, namely Monocarpia marginalis, Xylopia fusca and Mezzettia leptopoda and they were found to be not durable. Desch (1957) reported that in Sumatra, the timber of Mezzettia leptopoda or a related species, when used for planks under cover or protected from rain are fairly durable. In India, Pearson et al. (1932) described the timber of Polyalthia as fairly durable for internal work and not very susceptible to insect and fungal attacks.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very amenable to preservative treatment.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven due to the presence of the extremely large rays.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Mempisang

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Mezzettia leptopoda Green 12,500 59 34.5 2.29 6.6
Air dry 14,800 80 51.0 4.62 8.0
Monocarpia marginalis Green 13,000 66 36.3 2.91 7.4
Air dry 13,800 85 46.0 4.07 8.4
Xylopia fusca Green 12,100 57 26.5 3.93 7.0
Air dry 13,400 80 41.5 3.65 11.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to work and plane and the surface produced may not be perfectly smooth. Boring is easy but the surface obtained may be rough. Turning is easy and a smooth finish may be achieved.

Machining Properties of Mempisang (M. marginalis)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy moderately smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy rough easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of the timber vary according to the species and are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
Mezzettia parviflora 1.5 2 Very fast drying; moderate cupping and insect and fungal attack.
Monocarpia euneura 4 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate splitting; slight end-checking and surface-checking.
Xylopia fusca 3 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate cupping, bowing and staining; slight end-checking and insect attacks.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended. However, the schedule is based on the test carried out on the species of Mezzettia parviflora, the density of which is about 670 kg/m3 air dry. When dealing with the heavier varieties of mempisang, e.g. Alphonsea elliptica (density: 975 kg/m3) and Polyalthia rumphii (density; 805-815 kg/m3), due care should be taken to use a milder schedule to prevent the occurence of drying defects.

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53.0 80
50 135 57.0 126 52.0 75
40 140 60.0 126 52.0 65
30 150 65.5 129 54.0 55
20 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species is summarised below: 

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
Mezzettia parviflora 4 4.4 Very high shrinkage.
Monocarpia euneura 1.5 2.7 Moderate shrinkage.
Xylopia fusca 2.8 4.5 Very high shrinkage.

USES

The timber is suitable for general light construction, plywood, pencil, match boxes and splints, ornamental items, bentwood, packing cases and crates. The heavier species can be used for flooring, joists (light construction), railway sleepers, ship and boat building (masts, spars, oars and helms), tool handles (non impact) and cooling tower (non-structural).

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1 Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Lim, S. C. 1988. Malaysian Timbers – Mempisang. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 106. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. Mohd Dahlan Jantan & Tam, M. K. 1987. Natural Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 28 MTIB & FRIM.
  7. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  8. Pearson, R. S. and Brown, H. P. 1932. Commercial Timbers of India. Vol. II. Govt. of India Central Publication Branch, Calcutta.
  9. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mempoyan

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Rhodamnia cinerea (Myrtaceae). No other vernacular names have been recorded. Only one species is recorded for this country. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is grey-brown with a purple-red tinge.

Also known as Merampujan (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is very heavy with an average density of 1,025 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is moderately durable to very durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with shallowly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber works reasonably well and turns well.

USES

The hard and durable timber of mempoyan is used in the construction of local houses, particularly for posts and for implements. It is also used to make good quality charcoal.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Menarong

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Trema spp. (Ulmaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Philippine origin, is ANABIONG. Vernacular names applied include lindagong (Sabah and Sarawak), lundagong (Sabah), menerong (Peninsular Malaysia), mengkirai (Peninsular Malaysia), randagong (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), rondogong (Sabah), tikam (Sabah), towi (Sarawak) and tuku baroh (Sarawak). Major species include T. angustifolia, T. orientalis and T. tomentosa. The sapwood is straw-coloured and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light brown with a grey tinge.

Also known as Anggerung Besar, Kurai, Mawa, Ngawoi and Siapo (Indonesia); and Anabiong (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 415-465 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse but even, with straight or interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to saw and work. Planing is easy to moderately easy but the surface produced is rough.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly but suffers severe cupping, bowing, twisting and staining. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.

  
SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.1%.

USES

This timber is not obtainable in large dimensions. Its adverse seasoning characteristics demand extreme care in handling this timber. The timber may be suited as a source of short fibred pulp for paper and rayon manufacture.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Menggambong

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Vernonia arborea (Compositae). Vernacular names applied include medang gambong (Peninsular Malaysia), medang lempong (Peninsular Malaysia) and tapong-tapong (Sabah). Only one species has been recorded in this country, viz. V. arborea. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light straw-coloured.

Also known as Merabung (Indonesia); and Malasambong (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 305-465 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber can be worked easily.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well.

USES

Uses of the timber include temporary construction, household appliances and matches, carving and wooden clogs.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mengkulang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the light timber of Heritiera spp. (Sterculiaceae). Vernacular names applied include mengkulang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, jambu keluang (Melaka), kembang (Sabah), melabu (Sarawak) and melima (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species of the timber include H. albiflora, H. aurea, H. borneensis, H. globosa, H. javanica, H. simplicifolia and H. sumatrana. The sapwood is usually lighter in colour than the heartwood and not always sharply defined from the heartwood, which is red, red-brown to dark red-brown.

Also known as Red or brown tulip oak (Australia); Bey samlek and Don chem (Cambodia); Mengkulang (Brunei); Sundri (India); Mengkulang, Palapi and Teraling (Indonesia); Hao (Laos); Kanazo (Myanmar); Lumbayao (Philippines); Chum-praek and Chumprak (Thailand); and Huynh (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 625-895 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

This timber is not durable if used in contact with the ground as it is very susceptible to damage by termites and is liable to fungal infestation. It is however, perfectly satisfactory for use in reasonably dry, well ventilated positions that are free from termite attacks. Test sticks treated by the full cell process with an average absorption of 119 kg/m3 (7.4 lb/ft3) was found to be serviceable after 13 years.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is not a difficult timber to treat with preservatives and is classified as “average”.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly to moderately coarse but even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Mengkulang

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
H. javanica Green 10,600 68 31.8 4.21 9.9
Air dry - - - - -
H. simplicifolia Green 13,700 75 37.8 3.86 8.2
Air dry 15,990 91 52.1 5.38 10.8

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to saw and is slightly difficult to plane. However, a smooth finish can be produced.

Machining Properties of Mengkulang

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
H. javanica Green difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth slightly difficult rough - -
Air dry difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth difficult moderately smooth easy slightly rough
H. simplicifolia Green slightly difficult slightly difficult easy smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult easy smooth difficult moderately smooth easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with slighht cupping, end-checking and surface-checking as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.

KILN-DRYING 

Kiln Schedule D is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 7 days to kiln-dry.

Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high. Radial shrinkage averages 1.5% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.4%.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from defects.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction, decorative works, superior joinery, cabinet making, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, general planking, furniture, plywood, flooring, decking, staircase (angle block, rough bracket, baluster, balustrade, carriage, handrail, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework and general planking), railway sleepers, piling, cooling tower (structural members), door and window frames and sills, posts, beams, joists, rafters, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, glulam works, pencil and pallets (heavy duty and permanent type).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D. T. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Mengkulang. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 47. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mengkundor

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Tetrameles nudiflora (Datiscaceae). No other vernacular names have been recorded. This is a monospecific timber which is absent in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light straw-coloured with a slight olive-green tinge.

Also known as Som Phong (Cambodia); Maina (India); Binung, Bolongitta, Kundur, Maranindi, Paloemba and Wonolita (Indonesia); Phung and Sa phung (Laos); Baing (Myanmar); Maina (Pakistan); Mengunu (Sri Lanka); Kapong, Ngun and Som Phong (Thailand); and Daoleo and Thung (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 305-415 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and even, with shallowly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw with ease and works to a fairly smooth surface.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season easily with only insect attacks as the main source of degrades.

USES

The timber is suitable for packing boxes and crates, tea boxes and plywood.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mensirah

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Ilex spp. (Aquifoliaceae). Vernacular names applied include bangkulatan (Sabah), morogis (Sabah) and timah-timah (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include I. cissoidea and I. cymosa. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white and darkens on exposure to yellow-brown.

Also known as Mensira gunung (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is of medium density, ranging 560-595 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable, subject to attacks by sapstain fungi.

TEXTURE

The grain is straight and the texture is fine but uneven due to the presence of the broad rays. The split surface has a considerable sheen.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to season well with only slight splitting.

USES

This genus is rather rare in occurrence and coupled with its small size, the timber is very unlikely to be of any commercial importance. The timber has been tried successfully for match splints and may be a good furniture timber if available in large enough quantities.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mentulang

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Alangium spp. (Alangiaceae). Vernacular names applied include mentulang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, dadam (Sarawak), gadong hutan (Sabah), jadam (Sarawak), jadam paya (Sarawak), jenangan (Sarawak), kalong (Peninsular Malaysia), kondolon (Sabah), lidah kerbau (Peninsular Malaysia), lidah kerbau putih (Peninsular Malaysia), marapangi (Sabah), midong (Sarawak), salang rusa (Peninsular Malaysia), satu inchi (Sabah), sisit (Sarawak), telor buaya (Peninsular Malaysia), tinjau laut (Peninsular Malaysia) and various other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include A. griffithii, A. havilandii, A. javanicum var. ebenaceum, A. kurzii, A. longiflorum, A. nobile, A. ridleyi and A. rotundifolium. The sapwood is moderately differentiated from the heartwood, which is chocolate- to cinnamon-brown.

Also known as Manata, Merlapang and Moroipo (Indonesia); Tabuya (Myanmar); Malat-apai (Philippines); and Pru (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and heavy with a density of 440-1,100 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight to sometimes interlocked or wavy grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It works well, bends easily and takes a high finish.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well with little defects.

USES

The timber can be used for house construction, furniture, cabinet works, carving, bobbins, spindles, tool handles, walking sticks, gunstocks and ornamental items.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Meraga

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timbers of Metadina trichotoma and Pertusadina spp. (Rubiaceae). Vernacular names applied include berombong (Peninsular Malaysia), kurau (Peninsular Malaysia) and mengkeniab (Sabah). Major species include Metadina trichotoma; Pertusadina eurhyncha and P. malaccensis. The trees of this genus have a very unusual form, in that the trunks appear to have slots all over, producing a lattice-like effect. The sapwood is lighter in colour but not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is yellow-brown with an olive tinge.

Also known as Berumbung, Kayu kunyit, Ki anggrit and Nangi kuning (Indonesia); Adina and Zschokke adina (Philippines); and Khamin, Khem chang and Lang khao (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 790-940 kg/m3 air dry.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be easy to work.

USES

The unusual tree form prevents any extensive utilisation of the timber. However, the timber has been used for fence posts and tool handles.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Meransi

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Carallia spp. (Rhizophoraceae). Vernacular names applied include kemuning hutan (Sabah), merawai (Sabah), rabong (Sarawak), radipah (Sarawak), tikolod (Sabah) and yulu tambang (Sabah). Major species include C. borneensis, C. brachiata, C. euryoides and Carallia sp. 1. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is moderately distinct from the heartwood, which is red-brown with an orange hue.

Also known as Carallia (India); Ringgit darah (Indonesia); Maniawga (Myanmar); Bakauan gubat (Philippines); Dawata and Uberiya (Sri Lanka); and Chan Phra (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 670-930 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia. 


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is amenable to preservative treatment.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven, due to the presence of the extremely large rays. Grain is straight, interlocked or slightly wavy.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to fairly easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is also easy to fairly easy and the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly, with only slight insect attacks and sapstaining as the main sources of defects. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low in the radial direction (0.6%) and moderate in the tangential direction (1.3%).


USES

The oak-like figure of this timber makes it suitable for interior finishing, decorative works, panelling, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, decorative and high class furniture, flooring, door and window frames and sills, staircase (apron lining, handrail and sprandrel framing), vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), plywood, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms and other ornamental items.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The MalaysianTimber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Meranti Bakau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Shorea uliginosa (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include meranti paya (Peninsular Malaysia, in error), meranti tenggelam (Perak) and seraya buaya hantu (Sabah). There is only one species contributing to this timber, viz. Shorea uliginosa, although sometimes a timber derived from the true meranti paya (Shorea platycarpa) cannot be confidently separated from meranti bakau. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is distinct from the heartwood, which is light pink to light red-brown.  

Also known as Meranti merah (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 595-755 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is rather difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to work and produces a moderately smooth surface.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with moderate cupping, bowing and twisting as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended. The timber kiln-dries fast without any degrade. 

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53.0 80
50 135 57.0 126 52.0 75
40 140 60.0 126 52.0 65
30 150 65.5 129 54.0 55
20 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.0% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.7%.

USES

The timber is suitable for general light construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, furniture, door and window frames and sills, flooring, plywood, pallets (expendable type), joinery and cabinet making.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merawan

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the light timbers of Hopea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied are usually merawan (Peninsular Malaysia) with various qualifying epithets, luis (Sarawak), mang (Sarawak) and selangan (Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Gagil is used for H. sangal in Sabah. The timber is usually mixed with the lighter species of Shorea and sold as selangan batu No. 2 in Sabah. Major species of merawan include H. beccariana, H. dryobalanoides, H. dyeir, H. ferruginea, H. glaucescens, H. griffithii, H. latifolia, H. mengarawan, H. montana, H. myrtifolia, H. nervosa, H. odorata, H. pierrei, H. pubescens, H. sangal, H. sublanceolata and H. sulcata. The sapwood is generally lighter in colour and poorly defined from the heartwood, which is yellow when fresh but darkens to light brown or red-brown on exposure.

Also known as Merawan (Brunei); Koki khsach, Koki:r, Popel and Popel mosau (Cambodia); Hopea and Thingan (India); Dammar mata kuching, Gagil and Merawan (Indonesia); Khe:n and Mai khaen heua (Laos); Thingan (Myanmar); Light hopea (Papua New Guinea); Manggachapui (Philippines); Chan-phu, Takhian-Tong, Takian and Takian�Thong (Thailand); and Kien-kien and Sao den (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 495-980 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions. It is especially resistant to fungal infection under normal conditions. The sapwood is susceptible to heavy damage by termites and in damp situations by fungus (Thomas, 1970).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Merawan

Species Moisture Content(%) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Impact bending (mm) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Shear parallel to grain (MPa)
H. nervosa 64 92 15,500 760 50.8 9.3
H. sulcata 61 90 15,000 690 45.9 90

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is fairly easy to easy and the surface produced is smooth.

Machining Properties of Merawan

Species Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
H. nervosa Green easy easy easy smooth slightly difficult smooth - -
Air dry moderately easy moderately easy fairly easy smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth easy smooth
H. sulcata Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with slight cupping as the only defect. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 4 months to air dry while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule H is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content. There is no record of drying degrade.

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53 80
50 135 57.0 126 52 75
40 140 60.0 126 52 65
30 150 65.5 129 54 55
20 170 76.5 136 58 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average, with radial shrinkage of H. sulcata averaging 0.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.2%.

DEFECTS

Hollow and spongy heart are the common defects found in many merawan logs although they are not nearly as extensive as in most red merantis. Compression failures are found in the areas with spongy heart (Thomas, 1970). The timber of some species (H. sulcata, H. myrtifolia, H. dyeri and H. mengarawan) has been found to be very susceptible to damage by ambrosia beetles, whereas the timber of other species appears to be resistant (Desch, 1941). Most species of merawan are immune to powder-post beetle attacks, while other species are moderately susceptible (Menon, 1957). The sapwood of all species is liable to sapstain infection.   

USES

The timber is suitable for rafters, joists, door and window frames and sills (internal use), panelling, mouldings, partitioning, joinery, furniture, plywood, flooring, decking, staircase (angle blocks, rough bracket, baluster, balustrade, carriage, newel, riser, sprandrel framing, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), columns (light duty), railway sleepers, vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework and general planking), cooling tower (structural members) and tool handles (non impact). The heavier species are suitable for heavy construction under cover.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1941. Dipterocarp Timber of the Malay Peninsula. Mal. For. Rec. No. 14.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Ho, K. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Merawan. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 53. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 10 pp.
  4. Menon, K. D. 1957. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Mal. For. Vol. 20 (1) p. 19-23.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Thomas, A. V. 1970. Malayan Timbers – Sepetir – Merawan. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 16. (Reprinted).
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merbatu

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timbers of Atuna spp., Kostermanthus spp., Licania spp., Maranthes corymbosa and Parinari spp. (Chrysobalanaceae). Other vernacular names applied to the trees include kemalau (Peninsular Malaysia), kukut (Sarawak), mentelor (Peninsular Malaysia), merbatu laut (Peninsular Malaysia), merbatu pipit (Peninsular Malaysia), nyalin laut (Sarawak), rasak batu (Sabah and Sarawak) and torog (Sabah). Major species include Atuna cordata, A. nannodes, A. racemosa; Kostermanthus heteropetalus; Maranthes corymbosa; Parinari costata, P. elmeri, P. oblongifolia, P. rigida and P. rubiginosa. The sapwood is lighter in colour but not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is red-brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge.

Also known as Sa (Fiji); Kayu batu, Kepala tupai, Kolaka and Merbatu (Indonesia); Phok (Laos); Tauk-kade (Myanmar); Busu plum (Papua New Guinea); Baritadiang and Liusin (Philippines); and Chi khat phen, Chi ot phen, Mak Mu and Maphok (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 685-1,000 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions but is amenable to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight, spiral or wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to very difficult to resaw and cross-cut due to the presence of silica and the twisted grain. The timber is slightly difficult to plane but the surface produced is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with slight defects. Slight cupping, bowing, splitting and some moderate amount of end-checking and staining are the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.6% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium to heavy construction under cover, posts, beams, joists, rafters, columns (light duty), door and window frames and sills, pallets (permanent and heavy duty type), staircase (carriage), salt water piling and other marine construction, railway sleepers for secondary lines, vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), flooring (heavy traffic) as well as telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merbau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Intsia spp., principally I. palembanica (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include merbau ipil (Peninsular Malaysia) and ipil laut (Sabah) for I. bijuga. Major species include I. bijuga and I. palembanica. The sapwood is pale yellow to light buff and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is yellowish to orange-brown when fresh, darkening to brown or dark red-brown on exposure.

Also known as Kwila (Australia); Merbau (Brunei); Krakasprek (Cambodia); Vesi (Fiji); Besi kesia, Ipil, Kayu besi and Merbau (Indonesia); Tat-takun (Myanmar); Komu (New Caledonia); Bendora and Kwila (Papua New Guinea); Ipil, Ipil laut and Malaipil (Philippines); Ifilele (Samoa Islands); Lumpha, Lumphor thale, Lum-por and Maka-mong (Thailand); and Gonuo (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 515-1,040 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber of merbau is classified as durable under exposed conditions. The classification is based on the standard graveyard tests of untreated specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Two such tests were conducted on the species I. palembanica. In the first series of such tests, the average service life for 14 test specimens was 5.5 years (Foxworthy & Woolley, 1930). In the second test, the average service life for 60 specimens was 6 years (Jackson, 1965).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Merbau

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
Green 13,900 89.0 46.7 6.4 10.8
Air dry 15,400 116.0 58.2 9.2 12.5

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to resaw and cross-cut when green but is slightly difficult when dried. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the planed surface is smooth in most cases except for slight picking up of grain on the radial face.

Machining Properties of Merbau

Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green moderately easy moderately easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly without any degrade except for some powder-post-beetle attacks on the sapwood. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 4.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage values are particularly low. Radial shrinkage averaging 0.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.6%. 

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from common defects. However, it has been reported that the timber is highly susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks (Menon, 1958).

USES

Merbau is a very attractive wood, with its growth ring figure and deep colour. The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, office fittings, flooring (heavy traffic), superior joinery, cabinet-making, musical instruments, ornamental items and carvings. The timber is widely used for the manufacture of reproduction antique furniture and strip flooring in the country. It is also suitable for heavy construction, power transmission poles, railway sleepers, decking, columns (heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, fender supports, staircase (apron lining, rough bracket, baluster, balustrade, carriage, handrail, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), heavy duty furniture, tool handles (impact) and pallets (heavy permanent type).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Foxworthy, F. W. & Woolley, H. W. 1930. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No. 8.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malaysian Forest Servive Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Menon, K. D. 1958. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Malaysian Forest Servive Trade Leaflet No. 27.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian  Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Ser, C. S. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Merbau. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 65. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 5 pp. 
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merbau Kera

INTRODUCTION

The adopted common Malaysian name for the timber of Crudia spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include angar-angar (Sabah), babi kurus (Peninsular Malaysia) and jering tupai (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include C. curtisii, C. reticulata and C. scortechinii. The sapwood is walnut brown or dark yellow-brown and fairly sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is dark chocolate-brown with lighter�coloured streaks.

Also known as Jemlai and Melapisau (Indonesia); and Ulud (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 930-1,120 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and uneven due to the presence of abundant parenchyma. Grain is interlocked and wavy.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to work and has a dulling effect on tools.

USES

The timber is suitable for striking tool handles, heavy construction under cover or of a temporary nature and also for flooring, door and window frames. 

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merbau Lalat

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Sympetalandra spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include bellotan (Sabah), merbau laut (Sarawak) and potai munjit (Sabah). Major species include S. borneensis and S. unijuga. Both S. borneensis and S. unijuga are common in Sabah and Sarawak, but S. hildebrandii is very rare in Peninsular Malaysia. The sapwood is light pink-brown and is distinct from the heartwood, which is pink-brown to brown with a red tinge.

DENSITY

The timber is moderately heavy with a density of 640-720 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is durable under exposed conditions. Under the graveyard test, the timber achieved an average service life of 5.2 years.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven due to the presence of thick confluent bands of parenchyma.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property has been tested and found to be poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with moderate amount of cupping, bowing and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, especially in the radial direction. Radial shrinkage averages 1.7% while tangential shrinkage averages 2.4%.

  
USES

The timber is suitable for light to medium construction under cover, plywood and possibly for some interior finishing like partitioning.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Merpauh

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Swintonia spp. (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied include merpauh (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, periang (Peninsular Malaysia), pitoh (Sarawak), rengas (Sabah) and selan (Sarawak). Major species include S. floribunda var. penangiana, S. schwenkii and S. spicifera. The sapwood is light brown with a grey or pink tinge and is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light grey-brown with a pink tinge. Some trees develop a corewood, which is streaked with orange and red lines.

Also known as Kereta and Maban (Indonesia); Muom (Cambodia); Civit, Shitle and Taung-thayet (Myanmar); Civit (Pakistan); Kaluis and Lomarou (Philippines); Muom (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 640-880 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Untreated specimens of merpauh measuring 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm achieved an average service life of 1.5 years at the testing ground at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). This placed the timber under the non durable category. The timber is readily attacked by insects and fungi, especially staining fungi, which discolour both the sapwood and heartwood.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Based on trials carried out on two species of merpauh, it was found that the treatability of the timber varies considerably, from very easy to average.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Merpauh

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. floribunda var. penangiana Green 14,700 77.0 40.5 4.48 10.9
Air dry 16,300 103.0 51.4 7.24 12.6
S. schwenkii Green 14,200 76.0 37.7 4.34 10.4
Air dry 15,700 97.0 47.7 6.41 13.4
S. spicifera Green 16,800 80.0 39.7 - 13.2
Air dry 18,100 108.0 56.6 - 13.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to very difficult to saw and cross-cut but is easy to plane and the surface produced is smooth.

Machining Properties of Merpauh

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. floribunda var. penangiana Green difficult difficult easy smooth difficult smooth - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult easy smooth difficult smooth difficult slightly rough
S. schwenkii Green moderately easy moderately easy easy smooth difficult smooth - -
Air dry difficult very difficult easy smooth very difficult smooth difficult rough
S. spicifera Green very difficult very difficult easy smooth very difficult smooth - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth difficult rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property ranges from good to very poor depending on species.


AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of some species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
S. floribunda var. penangiana 2.5 3.5 Fairly fast drying; moderate staining; slight cupping, bowing, twisting and insect attacks.
S. schwenkii 2.5 4.5 Moderate fast drying; moderate staining; slight cupping, bowing, twisting, end-checks and insect attacks.
S. spicifera 2 4 Fairly fast drying; moderate staining; end-checks, slight cupping, bowing, twisting and insect attacks.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended.

 

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of merpauh is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
S. floribunda var. penangiana 0.8 1.5 Low shrinkage
S. schwenkii 1.4 2 Average shrinkage
S. spicifera 0.9 1.8 Fairly low shrinkage

DEFECTS

Logs left in the open will sustain fairly severe attacks by insects and staining fungi. While the sapwood is very prone to stain and rot, the heartwood will be discoloured by the stain.

USES

The timber is suitable for light and medium construction under cover. The attractively streaked corewood, if available is suitable for high-class joinery and furniture. The timber is also suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, flooring, door and window frames and sills, plywood, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, piling and railway sleepers.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Sim, H. C. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Merpauh. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 82. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mersawa

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Anisoptera spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). The common vernacular names applied include kijal (Terengganu), loh (Pahang), medang sawa (Peninsular Malaysia), mersawa (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, pengiran (Sabah) with various epithets, rengkong (Pahang), sanai (Peninsular Malaysia), sepah petri (Negeri Sembilan) and terbak (Kedah, Perlis and Kelantan). Major species include A. costata, A. curtisii, A. grossivenia, A. laevis, A. marginata, A. megistocarpa and A. scaphula. The sapwood is not sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light to dark yellow and darkens on exposure.  

Also known as Anisoptera (Australia); Mersawa (Brunei); Phdiek, Trabak and Ven ven (Cambodia); Ketimpun, Masegar, Mersawa and Mersawa daun lebar (Indonesia); Bak and Mai Bak (Laos); Boilam, Kaban, Kaban thangyin and Kaunghmu (Myanmar); Garawa (Papua New Guinea); Afu, Dagang, Dagum and Palosapis (Philippines); and Kabak, Krabak, Kra-Bark, Pik and Tabak (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 515-735 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Untreated specimens of A. marginata of size 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm were planted at the test site at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The timber lasted only 5 years, thus is classified as moderately durable under exposed conditions. It is very susceptible to fungal attacks. Specimens of A. laevis of size 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm were treated with diesel/fuel mixture and planted at the test site at FRIM in 1979. After two years, all the specimens are still sound.   


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as difficult to treat with preservatives.   


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with shallow to deeply interlocked and sometimes slightly spiral grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Mersawa

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
A. laevis Green 9,200 49 26 5.65 7.4
A. marginata Green 12,600 54 28.9 5.52 71

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to resaw and cross-cut and have a dulling effect on the cutters, due to the presence of silica. The timber is difficult to plane but the surface produced is smooth.

Machining Properties of Mersawa

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Ripping Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
A. laevis Green difficult difficult difficult smooth easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult difficult smooth easy rough easy smooth
A. marginata Green difficult difficult difficult smooth easy moderately smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult difficult smooth easy rough easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber dries very slowly but with only slight degrades. Minor cupping, bowing and surface-checking are noted during drying. 13 mm thick boards take 6 months to air dry, while 25 mm and 38 mm thick boards take 7.5 and 9 months respectively.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended. The timber dries slowly and maintains high moisture content in the core. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 16-17 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)(approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 48.5 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, radial shrinkage averaging 1.4% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.5%.


DEFECTS

Mersawa is free from defects although some spongy heart is present in some logs. The sapwood is liable to be attacked by ambrosia beetles if the logs are left lying in the forest after felling and such attack has been known to extend to the heartwood.


USES

The timber is extremely popular as a plywood species. Other uses include light construction, door and window frames and sills (internal use only), posts, beams, joists, rafters, furniture, pallets (expendable type), packing boxes and crates, joinery, cabinet making, flooring, staircase (newel, sprandrel framing, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), tool handles (non-impact) and disposable chopsticks.


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D.T. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Mersawa. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 56. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.,C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Mertas

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Ctenolophon parvifolius (Ctenolophonaceae). The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown to purple-red-brown. Vernacular names applied include besi-besi (Sabah) and litoh (Sarawak). The tree is sometimes known as kelat, a mistake arising from the close resemblance of the leaves to those of Syzygium spp.

Also known as Kalek bung cung, Kayu bawang, Lasah, Madjuit and Ukut (Indonesia); Ctenolophon (Papua New Guinea); and Sudiang (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 800-930 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 2 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to work, especially in the radial direction where picking-up of grain frequently occurs.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without serious degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months. End-checking is a common defect, especially in thicker specimens.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.3%.


USES

The timber is suitable for medium to heavy construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, marine construction, flooring (heavy traffic), railway sleepers, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, fender supports, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), tool handles (impact), pallets (permanent and heavy duty type), piling, door and window frames and sills, columns (heavy duty) and staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder).


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ngilas

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sarawakian origin, for the timber of Parastemon spp. (Chrysobalanaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is MALAS. Vernacular names applied include mendailas (Sabah) and nyalas (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include P. grandifructus and P. urophyllus. The sapwood is light purple-brown when fresh, becoming grey-brown to light red-brown on exposure and is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is purple�brown when fresh, becoming brown with a light purple or red tinge when dry.

Also known as Malas (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 915-1,105 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight or slightly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is very difficult to resaw and cross-cut and is generally slightly difficult to work and plane. The surface produced, however, is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.

  
AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with slight cupping, bowing, splitting and a moderate amount of end-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.7%, while tangential shrinkage averages 4.8%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium to heavy construction if protected. Other uses may include flooring (heavy traffic), laboratory benches and fence posts.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Nipis Kulit

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Memecylon spp. (Melastomataceae). Vernacular names applied include delek tembaga (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include M. garcinioides, M. lilacinum and M. pubescens. The sapwood is lighter in colour but not sharply defined from the heartwood, which is dark purple-brown in M. lilacinum and various shades of yellow-brown or brown in the other species.

Also known as Anjoeroe batoe, Boenga, Karaseng doekoe, Koroedoe maeto, Mangas kelapa, Mipan kulit, Pento, Reok, Ropisi, Temberas jantung and Wara (Indonesia); and Phlong (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 850-1,155 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The sapwood readily absorbs preservatives, while the heartwood is impenetrable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine or moderately fine and uneven due to the presence of included phloem. Grain is interlocked and sometimes irregular.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to resaw and cross-cut, causing rapid blunting of the cutter tools. Planing is also difficult and the planed surface produced is smooth on the tangential side but only moderately smooth on the radial side.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with moderate amount of borer attacks, slight bowing, twisting, end-checking and surface-checking as the main sources of defects. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.7% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4%.

USES

The small size of the tree precludes any extensive utilisation of this timber. It has been used for poles and firewood.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Nyalin

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sarawakian origin, for the timber of Xanthophyllum spp. (Polygalaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, for the timber is LILIN. Vernacular names applied include mengkapas (Peninsular Malaysia) and minyak berok (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Major species include X. affine, X. amoenum, X. obscurum and X. stipitatum. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white to bright yellow when fresh and darkens to a strong orange-yellow.

Also known as Gading, Gading batu, Lilin, Medang tanduk, Mendjalin and Minat angkat (Indonesia); Seng (Laos); Kam-gaw (Myanmar); Box wood (Papua New Guinea); Bok-bok and Malatadiang (Philippines); Chumsaeng, Khangkhao and Saeng (Thailand); and Sang ot (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 595-960 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions and is also susceptible to drywood termites.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse and uneven. Grain is straight, sometimes wavy.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and works well and the planed surface is moderately smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly with only slight defects like cupping, bowing and end-checking. The timber is, however, subject to insect attacks during seasoning. 13 mm thick boards require 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.6% while tangential shrinkage averages 4.9%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium and heavy construction, which is temporary or protected from attacks by drywood termites. It is also suitable for panelling, mouldings, flooring (heavy traffic), joists, staircase (angle block, rough bracket, newel, riser, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), planking, plywood, tool handles (impact) and pallets (permanent and heavy duty). When treated, it is suitable for telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms. The timber has also been successfully used for the manufacture of blockboards.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Nyatoh

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the light and reddish timber of the family Sapotaceae. Vernacular names applied include nyatoh (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets and also bengku (Peninsular Malaysia), ekor (Peninsular Malaysia), jangkar (Sarawak), mentua taban (Peninsular Malaysia), rian (Sarawak), semaram (Peninsular Malaysia), sundik (Peninsular Malaysia), taban (Peninsular Malaysia) and taban merah (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species of the timber include Madhuca curtisii, M. kingiana, M. motleyana, M. erythrophylla, M. laurifolia, M. longistyla, M. penicillata, M. sericea, M. sp. A, M. sp. B; Palaquium clarkeanum, P. gutta, P. hexandrum, P. hispidum, P. impressinervium, P. maingayi, P. microphyllum, P. obovatum, P. oxleyanum, P. regina-montium, P. rostratum, P. semaram, P. xanthochymum; Payena dasyphylla, P. lanceolata, P. maingayi and P. obscura. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is only moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is deep pink-red or red-brown.

Also known as Nyatoh (Brunei); Chorni (Cambodia); Bauvudi (Fiji); Mahua, Pali and Tali (India); Chonte, Nyatoh and Nyatuh (Indonesia); Jambadung (Laos); Kanzwe (Myanmar); Pencil cedar (Papua New Guinea); Alakaak, Kalipaya, Long-leafed nato, Malak-malak, Maniknik, Mindanao nato, Nato, Palak-palak, Red nato, Tagatoi and Tipurus (Philippines); Kirihembiliya and Tawenna (Sri Lanka); and Chik Nom, Chik-khao, Phikun-nok, Phikun-pa, Phikun-thuan and Tabun Dam (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 400-1,075 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Nyatoh shows variable natural durability in accordance to the species. The majority of the species would fall into the moderately durable class but there are species that are non-durable as well as those which are durable. Results obtained from the graveyard tests conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) on nyatoh species are given in the table below. The timber is subject to termite attacks and is also susceptible to fungal attacks. However, it is rarely susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks.

When treated with appropriate preservatives, nyatoh shows great durability. A series of tests using P. maingayi, treated with 100% creosote to an average absorption of 285 kg/m3 (17.82 lb/ft3) was started in 1949. The first stick was destroyed only after 12 years and after 32 years, seven sticks were still sound. Further tests involving other species of nyatoh also showed that this timber is very durable when treated. A series of test using P. gutta was started in 1966 and after 15 years, only three out of the original 40 test sticks were destroyed. A similar series, using P. impressinervium was started in 1969 and all the sticks were found to be still sound in 1981. However, in a duplicate trial, six out of an original 16 sticks were destroyed after 10.5 years. Diploknema sebifera, however gave a less impressive performance when tested. A series was started in 1971 and after 10 years, only six of the original 40 test sticks were still sound. 

Natural Durability of Nyatoh

Species Average life span (years) Durability classification
Diploknema sebifera 2.5 Moderately durable
Palaquium gutta 1.7 Not durable
P. impressinervium 5.5 Durable
P. maingayi 2.8 Moderately durable

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as very difficult to treat with preservatives.  

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse, with straight to shallowly interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

Most species of nyatoh falls into Strength Groups B and C (Burgess, 1958). However, P. impressinervium falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958). Nyatoh is also classified under SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Nyatoh

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
Ganua motleyana Green 9,800 50 24.8 - -
Air dry - - - - -
Palaquium gutta Green 11,300 64 34.3 - 9.2
Air dry 12,200 79 44.5 - 11.0
P. hispidum Green 10,600 60 29.9 3.17 7.6
Air dry - - - - -
P. impressinervium Green 17,000 97 53.7 6.07 11.7
Air dry 18,300 129 64.7 9.17 11.9
P. maingayi Green 11,700 63 33.7 4.21 8.1
Air dry - - 43.5 4.48 11.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

Wood working properties of the timber vary with most of the lighter species being easy to saw and work, producing surfaces that are smooth or rarely rough in the radial direction as in P. maingayi. The heavier species, like P. impressinervium, are very difficult to saw, cross-cut and work while the planed surface is only moderately smooth.

Machining Properties of Nyatoh

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Ganua motleyana Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth
Palaquium gutta Green easy to slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
P. hispidum Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth
P. impressinervium Green very difficult very difficult easy moderately smooth difficult moderately smooth - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth difficult moderately smooth difficult rough
P. impressinervium Green easy easy easy Tangential: smooth Radial: rough, due to grain pick-up easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property ranges from good to excellent.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of some species of nyatoh are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
Madhuca motleyana 3 4 Fairly slow drying; slight cupping.
Palaquium gutta 2 4 Fairly fast drying; slight cupping, bowing and splitting and insect attack; moderate end-checking.
P. hispidum 3.5 4.5 Fairly slow drying; slight bowing, end-checking and insect attacks.
P. impressinervium 4 6 Slow drying; slight end-checking and insect attacks.
P. maingayi 3 5 Fairly slow drying; slight bowing, end-checking and moderate insect attacks.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended for the lighter species of nyatoh and 25 mm thick boards take approximately 11 days to kiln-dry. Heavier species should be kiln-dried using Schedule D or C. 

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 48.5 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of nyatoh is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
Madhuca motleyana 2.4 3 Fairly high shrinkage
Palaquium gutta 1 1.9 Fairly low shrinkage
P. hispidum 1.3 2.8 Fairly high shrinkage
P. impressinervium 3 3.6 High shrinkage
P. maingayi 2.3 4.3 Very high shrinkage

DEFECTS

Generally, nyatoh logs are rather free from defects. Spongy heart has been observed in a few logs. Other defects such as defective cores, gum pockets and areas of rot have been noted in test material of P. impressinervium. Borer holes, probably caused by longicorn beetles have been recorded (Thomas, 1950). The logs have a tendency to split at the ends if care is not taken to have them stored properly. End-coating of the logs is recommended if they are to be stored for any period prior to conversion.  

USES

Nyatoh is a very popular timber for furniture and solid door. It is suitable for high class decorative works and interior finishing such as panelling, mouldings and partitioning. Other uses include joinery, flooring, decking, staircase (angle block, rough bracket, baluster, balustrade, carriage, handrail, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), columns (light duty), plywood, pallets, beams, rafters, joists (light duty), door and window frames and sills (internal use only), vehicle bodies (planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework and general planking), railway sleepers and tool handles (impact).

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Thomas, A. V. 1950. Malayan Timbers – Jelutong, Nyatoh. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 13.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1981. Malaysian Timbers – Nyatoh. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 54. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 12 pp.
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Nyatoh Kuning

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Pouteria spp. (Sapotaceae). Vernacular names applied include menasi (Peninsular Malaysia), misi (Peninsular Malaysia), nangka-nangka (Peninsular Malaysia), nyatoh laut (Sabah), nyatoh nangka (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets and umas-umas (Sabah). In Sabah and Sarawak, this timber is mixed with other members of Sapotaceae and sold as NYATOH. Major species include P. maingayi and P. malaccensis. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is creamy white to light yellow.

Also known as Northern yellow boxwood (Australia); Sarosaro and Tadiri (Fiji); Lambapatti (India); Nyatuh (Indonesia); Thitcho (Myanmar); Pencil cedar, Planchonella and Silk wood (Papua New Guinea); White Nato (Philippines); and Keta, Sesele and Verure (Soloman Islands).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and is moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 690-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to saw and is easy to work. The timber produces a smooth planed surface.

AIR DRYING

It seasons slowly with only some staining as the main source of degrade. 25 mm thick boards take 5 to 6 months to air dry.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.3%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction under cover, interior finishing, panelling, partitioning, railings, shelves, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, door and window frames and sills, staircase (balustrade, carriage, handrail, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), plywood and furniture.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Nyireh

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Xylocarpus spp. (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include nyireh (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include X. moluccensis and X. granatum. The sapwood is light yellow-brown, straw-coloured or light pink and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light red to very dark red, sometimes streaked with darker colours.

Also known as Ndambi (Fiji); Pussur (India); Boeli poete, Kontaboe, Kontawoe kadea and Nyireh bunga (Indonesia); Mangrove cedar (Papua New Guinea); Piagau and Tabigi (Philippines); and Pussur, Taboon-dum and Tabun Khao (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and is moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 625-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked and irregular grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be difficult to saw and work due to the presence of the irregular grain but a smooth finish can be obtained.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly. The sapwood can be severely attacked by pinhole borers during drying and the timber is also subject to end-checking and splitting.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderately high with radial shrinkage averaging 2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.2%.

USES

The timber is very attractive and is suitable for high class cabinet work, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, stair railings and shelves. The timber is extensively used for carvings and ornamental items.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Oil Palm

INTRODUCTION

The common name for the palm Elaeis guineensis, family Palmae. It occurs naturally in the tropical rain forests of West Africa stretching from Senegal to Angola and extending further along the Congo river. The oil palm was first introduced into Malaysia in 1870 through the Botanic Garden, Singapore. However, the interest in the commercial exploitation of oil palm started only in the 1900s. Today, Malaysia is one of the major exporters of palm oil in the world.

Also known as Kelapa sawit (Indonesia).


DENSITY

Oil palm has a great variation of density values at different parts of the stem. Density is low in the centre of the stem and increases gradually toward the bark. Average density values range from 200-600 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is very susceptible to fungal and insect attacks due to the presence of high sugar and starch contents.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

Processing of the stem is difficult, particularly at the region near the bark, due to the presence of silica in the cells. Poor machining properties have been reported.


AIR DRYING

The lumber of oil palm trunk is difficult to dry and suffers from various drying defects, including raised grain, warping and collapse.


USES

Oil palms are felled after an economic life-span of 25-30 years. Research carried out at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) indicates that oil palm trunk may also be exploited commercially for various purposes such as the manufacture of composite panel products such as medium density fibreboard (MDF), blockboard, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), mineral�bonded particleboard and plywood. Other uses suggested include furniture and paper making.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Otak Udang

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Buchanania spp. (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied include otak udang (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, kepala tundang (Sabah), kepala tundang tungkai pendek (Sabah), lamak ketam (Kedah) and rengas ayam (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include B. arborescens and B. sessifolia. The sapwood is lighter in colour but is not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pinkish brown, often with a grey tinge.

Also known as Charoli (India); Pauhan and Pauhan ambon (Indonesia); Pink satinwood (Papua New Guinea); and Balinghasai (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 465-690 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable when exposed to the weather.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight or slightly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be rather weak.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to work easily and planes to a smooth finish. Sawdust may cause dermatitis.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln-drying of 25 mm thick boards from green to 12% moisture content takes about 3 days. Boards containing tension wood may distort badly.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate to high.

USES

The small size of the tree precludes any extensive utilisation of this timber. The timber has been used for light temporary construction, plywood, match boxes and cheap cigar boxes. Other uses include furniture, light framing, turneries and blockboards.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pagar Anak

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Ixonanthes spp. (Ixonanthaceae). Vernacular names applied include inggir burong (Peninsular Malaysia) and redin (Sarawak). Major species include I. icosandra and I. reticulata. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a slight purple-grey tinge in I. icosandra and light yellow-brown with a slight pink tinge in I. reticulata.

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to very hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 655-1,040 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is slightly durable to non-durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with deeply interlocked and spiral grain.

USES

The small size of the trees and the hardness of the timber preclude any large scale utilisation of this timber. The timber has been used for poles, firewood, posts, local house building and handles for tools.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pasak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Aglaia sect. Aglaia species (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include kalambiao (Sabah), koping-koping (Sabah), langsat-langsat (Sabah), lantupak (Sabah), lantupak jambu (Sabah), memberas (Peninsular Malaysia) and segera (Sarawak). Major species include A. argentea, A. elliptica, A. exstipulata, A. grandis, A. hiernii, A. odoratissima, A. palembanica and A. tomentosa. The sapwood is pale yellow-brown, light straw-coloured or light pink-brown and is moderately to sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is light red, orange-red or red-brown and becoming dark red-brown or walnut-brown on exposure.

Also known as Beng kheou (Cambodia); Aglaia (India); Badjudjang, Bajur, Belunjan, Bunjau, Kuping, Langsat lutung, Lasa dontri, Maripu, Medensat, Mempujangan, Merabakan and Takul gunung (Indonesia); Tagat-thitto (Myanmar); Gisihan, Ilo-ilo, Kuling-manuk, Malasaging, Malatumbaga and Tukang-kalau (Philippines); Sangkhriat-klong (Thailand); and Goi tia (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 770-995 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is rated as moderately durable to durable when in contact with the ground or when exposed to the weather.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is very difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine to moderately fine or moderately coarse and even. Grain is straight to interlocked, sometimes irregular or wavy.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber works well and can be sawn and machined easily except the heavier species which require more power in sawing.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property of some species is reported to be excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber usually dries well without much degrade except for some slight collapse and twisting. Some species are reported to season fairly rapidly, with only slight cupping, bowing, end-checking and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high and averages 2.4% in both radial and tangential directions.

USES

The timber should be suitable for furniture, flooring, cabinet making, panelling, mouldings, plywood and ornamental items. The heavier woods have also been used for general construction such as beams, joists, rafters, boat building, agriculture implements and tool handles.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pauh Kijang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Irvingia malayana (Simaroubaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Thai origin, is KABOK. Vernacular name for the tree, pauh kijang, is uniformly applied throughtout the country. Only one species, viz. I. Malayana, is recorded in this region. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is only moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is yellow-brown with a slight green tinge. A dark grey-brown striped core is found in some logs.

Also known as Cay and Chambak (Cambodia); Bongin and Pauh Kijang (Indonesia); Bok (Laos); and Kabok (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 930-1,250 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Jackson (1965) recorded that a consignment of 40 test sticks were all destroyed within 6 years and gave an average life span of 3.1 years. The timber is thus classified as moderately durable. It is not durable in contact with the ground because it is readily attacked by termites but is slightly more resistant to fungi.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG3 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Pauh Kijang (I. malayana)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green - - 59.0 5.45 13.2
Air dry - - 70.5 12.65 17.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to work when green and is difficult when dry. Planing is difficult but the planed surface is moderately smooth with some grain pick-up in the radial face.

Machining Properties of Pauh Kijang (I. malayana)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult slightly difficult difficult tangential smooth, radial rough due to picking up of grain easy rough - -
Air dry difficult difficult difficult moderately smooth - - - -

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly with moderate end-checking, surface-checking, insect and fungal attacks as the main sources of degrade. Slight bowing and cupping are also recorded. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 7 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended.

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.7% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.3%.

DEFECTS

Pauh kijang is free from defects although mature logs are liable to be hollow. The living tree is subject to borer attacks. 

USES

The timber is not often exploited due to the high buttresses and poor form. It is also very hard and difficult to work. The timber is, however, suitable for heavy construction if treated, piles, railway sleepers, heavy duty furniture, fender supports, flooring (heavy traffic), door and window frames and sills, posts, beams, joists, rafters, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, tool handles (impact), staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder) and vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards). The dark streaky core is suitable for decorative works, panelling, mouldings, joinery and cabinet making.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No. 28.  
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.
  6. Zaitun Said. 1985. Malaysian Timbers – Pauh Kijang. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 99. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4 pp.

Pelajau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sabah origin, for the timber of Pentaspadon spp. (Anacardiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is PELAJU. Vernacular names applied include emplangau (Sarawak), kedondong kijau (Peninsular Malaysia), lakacho (Sarawak), pelong (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, umit (Sarawak) and uping (Sarawak). Major species include P.motleyi and P. velutinus. The sapwood is white with a green tinge or light yellow with a pink tinge and is not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is light yellow-green, sometimes with a pink tinge and darkens to grey-green on exposure.

Also known as Pelaju (Indonesia); and Oei-nam and Toei-na (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is fairly hard and fairly heavy with a density of 480-835 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is also easy and the planed surface is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly, with very minor defects. Slight cupping, bowing and staining have been noted during drying. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take approximately 4.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.4%.

USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, partitioning, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, skirtings, flooring, plywood, furniture, staircase (apron lining, baluster, balustrade, carriage, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder) and other planking works.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.  
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung , R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pelawan

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Tristaniopsis spp. (Myrtaceae). Vernacular names applied include keruntum (Peninsular Malaysia), malaban (Sarawak), melaban (Sarawak), pelawan-pelawan (Sabah), seluchor (Peninsular Malaysia), selunsor (Sarawak) and selunsor puteh (Sarawak). Major species include T. merguensis, T. obovata and T. whiteana. The sapwood is pink-brown or red-brown and is lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is pink-brown, red-brown or purple-brown, sometimes with a grey tinge.

Also known as Brush box and Yellow panda (Australia); Rong leang (Cambodia); Balaban, Pelawan, Pelawan Merah, Pelawan Talang, Radja, Tabi and Wawako (Indonesia); Duakyat (Myanmar); Papua New Guinea swamp box and Swamp mahogany (Papua New Guinea); Malabayabas, Taba and Tiga (Philippines); and Tamsao-nu (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 915-1,250 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be very durable. Related species have been tested in other countries and found to be very durable under all conditions and even resistant to termite and marine borer attacks (Wong, 1976).

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with interlocked, sometimes wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Abdul, 1985). 

Strength Properties of Pelawan (T. obovata)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 14,167 111.0 51.7 - 12.4
Air dry 20,732 170.0 72.6 - 18.4

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be difficult to saw but can be finished to a very smooth surface.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly. 40 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry. Drying defects are not particularly serious and only minor defects such as light end-checking, splitting, etc., have been recorded.

 

KILN-DRYING

Schedule D is recommended. The timber is liable to cupping and end-checking. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 9 days to dry.


Kiln Schedule D
Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approximately)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30
SHRINKAGE

Radial shrinkage averages 2.6%, while tangential shrinkage averages 3.8%.

USES

The timber is suitable for all heavy constructional works, posts, beams, joists, rafters, tools handles (impact), heavy duty furniture, vehicle bodies (framework, planking and floor boards), door and window frames and sills, columns (heavy duty), staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), boat framing and other marine construction. It should also be suitable for heavy-duty flooring.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdul Khalid Che Din. 1985. Malaysian Timbers – Pelawan. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.100. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.  
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1976. Wood Structure of the Lesser Known Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia. Mal. For. Rec. No.28.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Penaga

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Mesua ferrea (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include lenggapus (Peninsular Malaysia) and matopus (Peninsular Malaysia). This timber is mainly from one species, viz. Mesua ferrea. The sapwood is pale yellow with a pink tinge, becoming grey-brown on exposure and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is red-brown with a purple tinge when fresh, becoming dark red-brown on exposure.

Also known as Bosneak (Cambodia); Mesua (India); Nagasari (Indonesia); Ka thang and Mai lek (Laos); Gangaw and Ngaw (Myanmar); Na (Sri Lanka); Bannak and Bunnak (Thailand); and Vap(Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 945-1,185 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Heavy Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable and is liable to be attacked by termites.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with interlocked or spiral grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 1 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and cross-cut but is easy to plane, producing a smooth finish.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.

  
AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly with a moderate amount of end-checking and splitting and slight cupping as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 7 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 8 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the radial direction, which averages 4.3%, while the tangential shrinkage averages 5.5%.


USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, heavy duty furniture, flooring (heavy traffic), posts, beams, joists, rafters, joinery, cabinet making, pallets (permanent and heavy duty type), tool handles (impact), staircase (angle block, rough bracket, carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), columns (heavy duty) as well as telegraphic and power trasmission posts and cross arms. In India, this timber has been used successfully as railway sleepers.


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Penaga Tikus

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Kayea spp. (Guttiferae). Vernacular names applied include bintangor batu (Sabah), mergasing (Sarawak), penaga bayan (Peninsular Malaysia), penaga lilin (Peninsular Malaysia) and penaga sabut (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include K. grandis, K. kochummeniana, K. lepidota, K. macrantha and K. nuda. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is red-brown or grey-brown with a red tinge. The timber does not have any distinct odour or taste.

Also known as Karol, Kayea and Sianahor (India); Morowetai, Semangkap, Wah, Wetai koeni, Wetai naoe and Wetai singko (Indonesia); and Kaliuas and Yango (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 705-880 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable in exposed situation or in contact with the ground.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine to moderately fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain. 


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It works well with a smooth finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well but is subject to checking and staining.


USES

The timber is infrequently used. It is suitable for indoor usage and may be a suitable cabinet timber. Poles of good form may be useful for fences and round sleepers in temporary tracks.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Penarahan

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber from the family Myristicaceae. Vernacular names applied include darah-darah (Sabah), darah-darah kerantu (Sabah), dara kerbau (Kelantan), kumpang (Sarawak), lempoyang paya (Sabah), lunau (Sabah), mendarah (Peninsular Malaysia), pala (Kedah) and penarahan arang (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species contributing to the timber include Gymnacranthera bancana, G. contracta, G. farquhariana var. eugeniifolia, G. forbesii; Horsfieldia grandis, H. irya, H. polyspherula, H. punctatifolia, H. irya, H. sucosa, H. superba; Knema conferta, K. furfuracea, K. hookeriana, K. laurina; Myristica cinnamomea, M. elliptica, M. gigantea, M. iners, M. lowiana and M. maingayi. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is poorly defined from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown, brown with occasional pink tinge and dark red-purple stripes. A blood-red core is found in some species.

Also known as Penarahan (Brunei); Kaundamu, Mali and Mavota (Fiji); Jathikai (India); Bedarah, Biawak, Dadara, Darah, Darah-darah, Hondala, Kala, Kumpang, Mandara, Mariak, Mendarahan, Mendarahan kera, Morolarie, Naoe boeloe, Padaki molaba, Pala burung, Para, Pendarah, Perdah, Salak, Saoenkorea manggone, Siamang, Sindai, Talimakas, Ubal dagal and Ukut (Indonesia); Mutwinda (Myanmar); Horsfieldia and Netmeg (Papua New Guinea); Ananiog, Anuping, Duguan, Dunguan and Tambalau (Philippines); Iriya, Malaboda and Ruk (Sri Lanka); and Leud Kwai (Thailand).

  
DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 370-770 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

M. gigantea was tested for its natural durability by the standard graveyard test. 22 specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, lasted for an average of 1 year. The timber is thus classified as non-durable. If used in contact with the ground or exposed to the weather, the timber will perish fairly easily. It is very rapidly attacked by subterranean termites and is not particularly resistant to the development and growth of fungal decay. The timber is very liable to powder-post beetle and dry wood termite attacks indoors.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is amenable to preservative treatment. 


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine to slightly coarse and even, with straight grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Penarahan

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
M. gigantea Green - - 35.2 2.91 8.2
Air dry - - 43.6 5.65 9.6
M. maingayi Green 9,380 51 25.4 4.07 8.1

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and the planed surface is moderately smooth to smooth.

Machining Properties of Penarahan

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
M. gigantea Green slightly difficult slightly difficult difficult tangential smooth, radial rough due to picking up of grain easy rough - -
Air dry difficult difficult difficult moderately smooth - - - -
M. maingayi Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with slight cupping, bowing, end-checking, splitting and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, radial shrinkage averages 2.2% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.2%.

DEFECTS

The logs of penarahan are remarkedly free of defects except a very small area around the pith in which heart-rot and compression failures or cross-breaks may occur. Living trees are rarely, if ever, attacked by borers but logs left lying around are quickly and severely attacked by pin-hole ambrosia beetles. The timber contains abundant starch up to a depth of at least 102 mm (4 in) from the bark so it is liable to powder-post beetle infestation.

   
USES

The timber is suitable for pattern making, packing boxes and crates, plywood, light temporary construction, internal partitioning, flooring, match boxes and splints, furniture, posts, beams, joists, rafters, cooling tower (non-structural members), joinery and cabinet making.


REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Mohd. Shukari Midon. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Penarahan. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 90. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Penyau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Upuna borneensis (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular name applied includes upun (Sabah). Only one species has been recorded, viz. U. borneensis. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is distinctly differentiated from the heartwood, which is dark brown.

Also known as Upun batu (Brunei); and Balau penyau, Cangal tanduk and Penyau tanduk (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 945-1,040 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Heavy Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is very durable under exposed conditions.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is extremely resistant to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine to moderately fine but even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958) or SG3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to saw due to its hardness and resinous nature. Planing is easy and the surface is generally smooth although there is a slight pick-up of grain in radially sawn material.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly, with very minor seasoning defects except for some insect damage. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.9%.

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, heavy duty furniture, flooring (heavy traffic), railway sleepers and power transmission poles, if sufficient lengths can be obtained.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pepauh

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Melicope spp. (Rutaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is SAMPANG. Vernacular names applied include chabang tiga (Peninsular Malaysia), leban nasi (Peninsular Malaysia) and pauh-pauh (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Major species include M. glabra and M. lunu-ankenda. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellow-white with a light orange tinge in some specimens.

Also known as Beysamlek and Svaisnor (Cambodia); Sampang (Indonesia); Kinthat-putgyi and Thipyu (Myanmar); and Phia krating (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light with a density of 480-545 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is reputed to be non-durable under exposed conditions.


TEXTURE

The texture is fine and even, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be fairly strong and falls into Strength Group C (Burgess,1958).


USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, plywood, packing boxes and crates as well as for carving and ornamental items.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pepulut

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Chrysophyllum spp. (Sapotaceae). Vernacular names applied include pulut-pulut (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include C. cainito, C. lanceolatum and C. oliviforme. Chrysophyllum cainito and C. oliviforme have been introduced from the Americas. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is white when freshly cut and darkens to straw-colour on exposure. Earlier limited test results indicated that the timber is very brittle.

Also known as Mempulut, Pais and Sawo bludru (Indonesia); Chrysophyllum (Papua New Guinea); Nato and White nato (Philippines); Lawulu (Sri Lanka); and Masang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 610-930 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable and the permeability of the timber is low.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with straight or interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It planes to a very smooth surface with little picking up especially on radial surface.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very well with little degrade but is susceptible to blue stain.

USES

The timber should be suitable for general planking and temporary structures. It can also be used for flooring, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, light tool handles, furniture, cabinet making and plywood.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Perah

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Elateriospermum tapos (Euphorbiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is TAPUS. Vernacular names applied include dungku (Sarawak), kelampai (Sarawak) and perah ikan (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Only one species is recorded, viz. E. tapos. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is dark brown with a red tinge and streaked alternately with lighter and darker stripes. A central core of darker coloured wood may be found in some trees.

Also known as Guhum, Kelampai, Lapak gari, Luba gunung, Pala, Para, Satan and Tapus (Indonesia); and Pee-ra and Pra (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 735-1,235 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable and is susceptible to termite and powder-post beetle attacks.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Except for the corewood, the timber is easily treated with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to saw but planes well and produces a smooth finish.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly fast with no defects except for some sapstain and insect attacks. 13 mm thick boards take 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.4% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.3%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium and heavy construction indoors and when treated, should be suitable for all heavy construction, railway sleepers, flooring, tool handles (impact), columns (light duty), fence posts, telegraphic and power line posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K .B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Perah Ikan

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Pimelodendron spp. (Euphorbiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is MEMINA. Vernacular names applied include perah (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include P. griffithianum. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light straw-coloured.

Also known as Memia, Mendoe, Sinto and Tambae (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and is light to moderately heavy with a density of 415-720 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It can be treated easily with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

Sawing of the timber is moderately easy with a relatively smooth finish. Machining properties are fair when green, but rated as poor when air dry.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is moderate.

USES

The timber is used for general light or temporary construction, interior trim, lining, shelving, joinery, furniture, mouldings, tool handle for non-impact purposes and plywood.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Perapat

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Sonneratia spp. (Sonneratiaceae). Vernacular names applied include berembang (Peninsular Malaysia), gedabu (Peninsular Malaysia), pedada (Sabah) and perapat laut (Sabah). Major species include S. alba, S. caseolaris and S. ovata. The sapwood is grey and not sharply defined from the heartwood in S. alba but is light coloured and clearly defined in S. caseolaris. The heartwood is pale grey in S. alba and light brown to dark chocolate in S. caseolaris.

Also known as Keora and Orch (India); Perepat laut (Indonesia); Red brown mangrove (Papua New Guinea); Pagatpat (Philippines); and Lam phaen (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 530-690 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight to slightly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be fairly strong and falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reputed to work easily and takes a beautiful finish.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable as a general utility timber. It can be used for planking, flooring, furniture, wooden sandals and possibly as a source of pulp.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Perupok

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Lophopetalum spp. (Celastraceae). Vernacular names applied include dual (Sabah), kerueh (Peninsular Malaysia) and tinjau tasek (Pahang). Major species include L. floribundum, L. javanicum, L. multinervium, L. pallidum, L. subobovatum and L. wightianum. The sapwood is not clearly defined and is generally lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is light yellow or light yellow-brown when dry and pink when freshly cut.

Also known as Perupok (Brunei); Banati and Narikeli (India); Medang kerupuk, Pasana and Perupuk (Indonesia); Mondaing, Tuang-yemane and Yemane-apyu (Myanmar); Abuab (Philippines); Dimi, Phuamphrao, Samet-thung, Seng Sa Lung and Song Sa Lum (Thailand); and Sang trang (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 480-640 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The natural durability of perupok was investigated as far back as 1930, when Foxworthy and Woolley reported that a consignment of 25 pieces of an unidentified Lophopetalum was buried in a standard graveyard test (Foxworthy et Woolley, 1930). All the specimens were destroyed in one year, thus showing that perupok is non-durable. A more recent test was conducted on L. floribundum. Dahlan and Tam (in press), reported that 40 pieces of the timber were buried in the Kepong test sites. Three pieces were destroyed within the first 6 months, while the last specimen was destroyed in 2.5 years. The average life-span was calculated to be 1.9 years, thus confirming that perupok is naturally non-durable.

Treated perupok, however showed a vast improvement in its durability. A batch of 40 sticks of L. floribundum was treated with 100% creosote to an average absorption of 390 kg/m3 (24.3 lb/ft3) and then buried in the Kepong test sites. After more than 12 years, all 40 pieces are sound with no signs of any deterioration (Tam, 1983). This shows that perupok, when treated with the appropriate preservatives can be rendered extremely durable.   


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as difficult to treat with preservatives. 

    
TEXTURE

Texture is fine to moderately fine and even, with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Perupok

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
L. floribundum Green 11,300 62 32.3 3.4 7.7
Air dry 12,600 79 34.5 5.6 9.0
L. subovatum Green 11,700 64 32.8 3.4 7.2
Air dry 12,200 76 42.8 5.3 7.4

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and works very well and the planed surface produced is smooth.

Machining Properties of Perupok

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
L. floribundum Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
L. subovatum Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very rapidly but is prone to end-checking, splitting, surface-checking and some insect attacks during seasoning. 13 mm thick boards take 1 month to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 1.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, especially in the radial direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.4% while tangential shrinkage averages 3%.

DEFECTS

The logs of perupok are very free from defects, apart from some attacks by staining fungi. 


USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, furniture, flooring, staircase (apron lining, handrail and sprandrel framing), joinery, cabinet making, ornamental items, plywood, packing boxes and crates, railway sleepers, posts, beams, joists and rafters. 

REFERENCES

  1. Dahlan b. Jantan & Tam, M.K. Natural Durability of Some Malaysian Timbers by Stake Tests. (in press)
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Foxworthy, F. W & Woolley, H. W. 1930. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No.6.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Tam, M. K. 1983. Unpublished report. 
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Perupok. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 76. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.

Petai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Parkia spp.(Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include kupang (Sabah), kerayong (Peninsular Malaysia) and petai (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include P. timoriana, P. singularis and P. speciosa. The sapwood is white to yellow-brown and is extremely wide. The heartwood is seldom developed but if found is dark brown in colour.

Also known as Petai (Brunei); Ro yong (Cambodia); Olimbopo, Petai and Soga (Indonesia); and Sa To (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and is light to moderately heavy with a density of 415-815 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Durability tests of P. speciosa have been carried out at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The results shows that the natural durability was 1 year and it is thus classified as non-durable. From the graveyard test of treated petai using creosote, it was found that the timber was still sound after 15 years (Tam, 1983).


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber has been found to be extremely easy to treat.  


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Petai (P. speciosa)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 9,600 49 24.3 - 8.3
Air dry 12,600 79 34.5 5.6 9.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and produces a smooth planed surface. 

Machining Properties of Petai (P. speciosa)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with moderate amount of end-checking, insect and fungal attacks, slight amount of cupping, bowing, twisting and splitting. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low with radial shrinkage averaging 1.1% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.9%.

DEFECTS

The logs of petai are free from the more usual defects, like ‘spongy heart’ and borer damage, but are very knotty near the pith. Desch (1941) stated that all samples in the Kepong wood collection were infected by blue-stain fungi and some had been attacked by powder-post beetles. Schneider as quoted by Desch (1941) added that the timber of P. javanica is rarely attacked by borers.

   
USES

The genus is more famous for its edible fruits rather than its timber, which has been successfully used in the manufacture of plywood as well as packing boxes and crates. The timber is also suitable for some interior works, like partitioning, stair railings and skirtings as well as furniture, joinery, cabinet making, disposable chopsticks and other temporary light constructional works.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad Shakri Mat Seman. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Petai. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 85. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  2. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  3. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malay. For. Rec. No.15.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber
  6. Tam, M. K. 1983. Unpublished report.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Petaling

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Ochanostachys amentacea (Olacaceae). Vernacular names applied include degong (Kelantan), petikal (Sarawak), sentikal (Sarawak), tanggal (Sabah) and tangkal (Sabah). This genus has only one species, viz. O. amentacea. The sapwood is dark yellow-brown or light red-brown and is moderately defined from the heartwood, which is red-brown to purple red-brown, darkening on exposure.

Also known as Amin, Ampalang, Empilung, Lembasung, Petaling, Petikal, Pilung, Satan bagiuk, Tilokot and Tumbung asu (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 800-1,105 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and produces a smooth planed surface.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very slowly with very slight defects. The sapwood is moderately prone to attacks by insects and slight cupping, bowing, end-checking and surface-checking have been noted during drying. 13 mm thick boards take 6 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 9 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.8%.


USES

The timber is suitable for piling, heavy and medium construction under cover, tool handles (impact), heavy duty furniture, railway sleepers, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, flooring, pallets, packing boxes and crates, columns (light duty), staircase (carriage, newel, riser, sprandrel framing, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), joinery and cabinet making.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Podo

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Nageia spp. and Podocarpus spp. (Podocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include podo (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, jati bukit (Peninsular Malaysia), jati laut (Peninsular Malaysia), kayu china (Sabah), kebal musang (Peninsular Malaysia), lampias (Sabah), landin (Sarawak), rempayan (Sabah), ru bukit (Peninsular Malaysia) and setada (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Dacrycarpus imbricatus; Nageia motleyi, N. wallichiana; Podocarpus neriifolius, P. polystachyus and P. rumphii. The sapwood is not distinct from the heartwood, which is light yellow with a greenish tinge or light golden brown.

Also known as Amunu and Kuasi (Fiji); Thitmin (India); Jamuju and Melur (Indonesia); Ka dong (Laos); Thitmin (Myanmar); Miro, White pine and Yellow pine (New Zealand); Brown podocarp and Low mountain podocarp (Papua New Guinea); Malaalmaciga and Malakauayan (Philippines); and Phayamai (Thailand).

MB>

DENSITY

The timber is a Softwood and varies considerably in hardness and in density, which ranges from 380 to 920 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to work and the planed surface is smooth and lustrous.

AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to season well without serious degrade.

USES

The timber is suitable for decorative works, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, high class furniture and cabinets, joinery, plywood, flooring, staircase (baluster, balustrade, handrail, newel and sprandrel framing), pencil, disposable chopsticks and tooth picks.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pulai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Alstonia spp. (Apocynaceae). Vernacular names applied include mergalang (Sarawak), pelai (Sarawak), pulai (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets and sayongan (Sabah). Major species include A. angustifolia, A. angustiloba, A. macrophylla, A. pneumatophora, A. scholaris and A. spatulata. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is cream to light yellow in colour.

Also known as Milky Pine and White cheesewood (Australia); Pulai (Brunei); Popel khe (Cambodia); Mbulei (Fiji); Chatian and Shaitan wood (India); Kayu susu, Pulai, Pulai hitam and Rita (Indonesia); Mai Tin Pet (Laos); Lettok, Sega and Shaitan (Myanmar); Chatian (Pakistan); Kajoe soesoeh (Papua New Guinea); Batino, Cayacayao, Dita and Silhigan (Philippines); Mbulei (Samoa Islands); Ruk kattana (Sri Lanka); Kra thungfa hai, Sattaban, Teen thian, Thia, Thungfa and Tin Pet (Thailand); and Mo cua (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 210-500 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on standard graveyard test of untreated specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, pulai is classified as not durable. All 21 pieces of the specimens tested were destroyed within 6 months (Foxworthy & Woolley, 1930). The timber is very susceptible to both fungal and insect attacks. 


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is easy to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to rather coarse, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku,1988b) or SG7 (MS 544:Part 2:2001). 

Strength Properties of Pulai (A. angustiloba)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 6,200 33.0 16.0 - 6.1
Air dry 7,100 43.0 25.0 - 6.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and the planed surface is smooth.

Machining Properties of Pulai (A. angustiloba)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons very rapidly with very minimal degrade like cupping, bowing, twisting and end-checking. The timber is prone to powder-post beetle and sapstain fungi attacks. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 2.5 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. The timber dries fast but is prone to stain, mould and insect attacks. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, especially in the radial direction, where it averages 2.3% while tangential shrinkage averages 2.8%.

DEFECTS

The timber is marred by the presence of latex traces, which can measure up to 50 mm high. These latex traces are often found in clusters. The logs are susceptible to fungal and borer attacks and are highly perishable.

USES

The timber is suitable for plywood, pattern making, fret work, carving, picture frames, toys, match boxes and splints, packing boxes and crates, pencil and tooth picks. It has also been successfully used for making wooden clogs as well as disposable chopsticks. The root-wood from A. spatulata and A. pneumatophora, which is known as basong, is very light, only 50-80 kg/m3 air dry and has been used in the manufacture of pith-helmets.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Foxworthy, F. W. & Woolley, H.W. 1930 . Durability of Malaysian Timbers. Mal. For. Rec. No.8.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Sim, H. C. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Pulai. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 64. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Punah

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Tetramerista spp. (Tetrameristaceae). Vernacular names applied include entuyut (Sarawak), kayu chelega (Sarawak), kayu hujan (Sarawak), kayu tangiran (Sarawak), samondu (Sabah), suyut (Sabah), tuyot (Sabah) and tuyut (Sabah). Only one species is of importance in this country, viz. T. glabra. The sapwood is lighter in colour and not always clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pink-brown, weathering to light brown.

Also known as Amat (Brunei); and Bangkalis, Carega, Kayu malaka and Punak (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 625-800 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

This timber is moderately durable. Graveyard tests indicated that the test specimens had an average life of 3.8 years (Jackson, 1960). Another test completed in 1980 indicated an average service life of 2.8 years. A service test on punah sleepers was carried out in 1949 (Ong, 1971), where 234 sleepers were treated by the open tank method using 50/50 Creosote/Diesel fuel mixture. Absorption was between 63 kg/m3 and 68.56 kg/m3 (3.9 to 4.3 lb/ft3). Service life of the sleepers averaged 19.5 years.  

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Its amenability to preservative treatment is classified as average.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight, interlocked and sometimes spiral grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Punah

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 13,500 86.0 34.5 4.21 8.9
Air dry 15,400 87.0 48.4 5.72 9.7

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work. Planing is easy although the surface produced is only moderately smooth to rough.


Machining Properties of Punah 

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy rough easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy smooth easy rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately fast but is prone to a large amount of seasoning degrade like bowing, end-checking, splitting, surface-checking and staining. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended. The timber dries fast without much degrade, except for thicker sections, which are prone to surface-checking and end-splitting. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 7 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content.

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 3.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.5%.

DEFECTS

This timber is normally free from defects, but some ambrosia-beetle attacks have been noted in some punah timber. Severe heart shakes have been recorded (Thomas, 1950).

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction under cover, posts, beams, joists, rafters, heavy duty and general furniture, flooring (heavy traffic), piling, columns (light duty), railway sleepers (treated), vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), piling, door and window frames and sills, staircase (baluster, handrail, newel and sprandrel framing), joinery, cabinet making, cooling tower (structural members) as well as telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Jackson, W. F. 1960. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malay. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No.28.
  3. Lopez, D. T. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Punah. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 59. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Ong, T. H. 1971. Service Test on Punah Sleepers. Malay. For.Vol.34 No.4.
  7. Thomas, A. V. 1950. Malayan Timbers – Mengkulang, Mersawa, Punah. Malay. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No.11.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Pupoi

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Sarcotheca spp. (Oxalidaceae). Vernacular names applied include belimbing bulat (Sarawak), belimbing manik (Sarawak), buah piang (Sarawak), jintek-jintek (Peninsular Malaysia), setundok (Peninsular Malaysia), tabarus (Sabah) and various other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include S. diversifolia, S. glauca, S. griffithii, S. macrophylla, S. ochracea and S. rubrinervis. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is straw-coloured.

Also known as Pupoi (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 650-840 kg/m3 air dry.


NATRUAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be easy to work.


USES

The timber is used for roofing and interior works. It can also be used for furniture, agriculture implement, temporary construction and plywood.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Putat

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Barringtonia spp. (Lecythidaceae). Other vernacular names include tampalang (Sabah). Major species include B. asiatica, B. macrostachya, B. pendula, B. sarcostachys and B. scortechinii. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and is not differentiated from the heartwood.

Also known as Hijal (India); Butun, Keben and Songgom (Indonesia); Chicknam, Kyi-bin and Kyi-gyi (Myanmar); Botong and Ulam (Philippines); and Chik (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 480-815 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight to interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and easy to fairly easy to cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly, without any degrade except for slight insect and fungal attacks. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.1%.


USES

The timber is suitable for temporary construction, non-striking tool handles, general planking, packing boxes and crates, plywood and pallets.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Putat Paya

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Planchonia spp. (Lecythidaceae). Vernacular names include putat paya (Sabah) and kasui (Sabah) for P. valida and putat nasi (Peninsular Malaysia) for P. grandis. The sapwood (up to 8 cm wide) is light yellow and distinctly demarcated from the heartwood, which is brown, dark brown or dark red-brown.

Also known as Red bombwe (India); Putat (Indonesia); Planchonia (Papua New Guinea); and Lamog (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is of medium to heavy weight with a density of 610-1,010 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable to durable even in contact with the ground.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to moderately coarse and even. Grain is interlocked.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to difficult to work and picking up of grain may occur on quarter-sawn material.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to be difficult to season.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is moderate to high.


USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, tool handles. The timber is reported to be popular for temporary construction in logging operations such as bridge bearers and log launching skids.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Rambutan

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Nephelium spp. (Sapindaceae). Vernacular names applied include kelamondoi (Sabah), lotong (Peninsular Malaysia), meritam (Sabah), pulasan (Peninsular Malaysia), rambutan hutan (Peninsular Malaysia), rambutan pachat (Peninsular Malaysia), redan (Peninsular Malaysia) and various other localised names too numerous to be listed here. Major species include N. cuspidatum, N. daedaleum, N. lappaceum, N. maingayi, N. meduseum, N. melanomiscum and N. ramboutan-ake. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is only moderately sharply defined from the heartwood, which is red-brown to light purple-brown.

Also known as Balatoeng, Boeloea, Meritan, Mudjau, Ridan, Tampa langke and Tokok-biawak (Indonesia); Rambutan (Philippines); Ngoh (Thailand); and Truong chua and Vai thieu (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 880-1,075 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is durable under cover and generally resistant to insect attacks, but susceptible to fungal attack.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with interlocked or slightly irregular grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to work and can be finished well.


AIR DRYING

The timber of N. lappaceum is liable to splitting during seasoning.


USES

The timber is used for general construction, furniture, tool handles, door and window frames, agriculture implements and other general utility purposes.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Rambutan Pachat

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Xerospermum spp. (Sapindaceae). Vernacular names applied include ilat (Sarawak), kikir buntal (Peninsular Malaysia), resat (Sabah) and tundun biawak (Sarawak). Major species include X. laevigatum and X. noronhianum. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light brown.  

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and heavy to very heavy with a density of 880-1,040 kg/m3 air dry.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.


USES

The timber of rambutan pachat has been used for construction, carts, ploughs and rice pounder.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ramin

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Gonystylus spp. (Thymelaeaceae). Vernacular names applied include ramin (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, dara elok (Peninsular Malaysia), the old trade name melawis (Peninsular Malaysia), pinang baik (Peninsular Malaysia) and pinang muda (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include G. affinis, G. bancanus, G. brunnescens, G. confusus and G. maingayi. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is poorly defined from the heartwood, which is white to creamy yellow.

Also known as Ramin (Brunei); Mavota (Fiji); Medang keladi and Ramin (Indonesia); Anauan and Lanuatan bagio (Philippines); and Ainunura, Fungunigalo, Latareko and Petata (Soloman Islands).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 530-785 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The logs, as well as freshly sawn boards are very susceptible to attacks by staining fungi and powder-post beetles. The dried timber is also liable to attacks by borers. Jackson (1965) recorded that nearly all the 30 pieces of test sticks of 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm tested with the standard graveyard test were destroyed after one year. The timber is therefore classified as non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Ramin is extremely easy to treat with preservatives. 

  
TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Ramin (G. bancanus)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 14,200 62.0 35.0 7.2
Air dry 15,900 88.0 48.8 8.5

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw, cross cut and plane and the surfaces produced are smooth. The timber is easy to bore but the finish is rough.

Machining Properties of Ramin (G. bancanus)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor, but the resistance to splitting will be improved if the nails used are clinched.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly, with moderate cupping, bowing, surface-checking and staining as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedules B and C are recommended. Timbers of more than 40 mm in thickness are prone to surface checking and end-splitting and the milder Schedule B is more suitable.

Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 80.0 118 47.5 50

Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 1.6% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.4%.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from natural defects, but are liable to staining fungi and insect attacks. Included phloem of the foraminate type sometimes occur in the wood of G. maingayi. Large trees may have a central core of up to 150 mm in diameter where the wood is streaked with stripes of dark brown or black. Other defects noted include shot holes.

USES

The timber has established a reputation as a first class joinery timber. The timber is also suitable for furniture, panelling, mouldings, cabinet making, flooring, staircase (baluster, balustrade, carriage, handrail, riser, stringer, thread, bullnose, round end and winder), post, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills (internal use only), cooling tower (non-structural members), plywood, handles for non-striking tools, pencil and ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Ser. Trade Leaflet No.28.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber. 
  5. Sim, H. C. 1983. Malaysian Timbers – Ramin. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 74. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  6. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ranggu

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Anacardiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, is MUGIS. Vernacular names applied include ranggu (Sabah and Sarawak), although in Sarawak, ranggu is also applicable to certain species of the family Meliaceae. This species is found in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak and is absent in the Peninsular. This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is white to pale pink and is clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pink-brown to red-brown and darkens on exposure.

Also known as Bugis (Indonesia) and Amugis (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 690-915 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with straight to interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG3 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be easy to saw and works well with all tools, although there is a slight tendency for grain pick-up on radial surface.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property ranges from good to poor. 

AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season slowly, with moderate staining, slight bowing and end-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.7% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.6%.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction, flooring, interior construction, furniture, cabinet making, general joinery, door panels and turneries.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  4. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Rasamala

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for Altingia excelsa (Hamamelidaceae). No other vernacular name have been recorded and only a single species, A. excelsa, is represented in Peninsular Malaysia. The heartwood is dark pinkish, red or reddish brown, gradually merging into the yellowish or reddish brown sapwood.

Also known as Jutili (India); Mala, Mandung, Rasamala and Tulasan (Indonesia); Sop (Laos); Nantayok (Myanmar); and Hom, Satu and Sob (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is medium to heavy in weight with a density of 610-900 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable to durable but the timber from the plantation indicates a lesser durability.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even. Grain is straight to slightly interlocked.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to work and shows very good results in planing, boring, mortising, turning and sanding.


AIR DRYING

Altingia dries slowly and with considerable defects such as cupping, twisting and checking. The air drying of 20 mm thick boards take about 5 months whereas 30 mm thick boards require almost 7 months.


SHRINKAGE

The rate of shrinkage is high. From green to oven dry, radial shrinkage averages 5.6%, while tangential shrinkage averages 11.6%. Thus, the timber must be dried carefully and stacked properly.


USES

Rasamala is regarded as the most valuable timber in West Java. Because of its ability to form very long branchless boles, it was favoured for frames of bridges and columns and beams for buildings. Other uses include power transmission and telephone lines poles, railway sleepers, vehicle bodies, boat and ship building, flooring (heavy traffic), decking, rafters and plywood. The bole yields an aromatic resin, called “getah malai”, which is collected and used as an incense.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Red Balau

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the heavy, red to red-brown timbers of the genus Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied are too many to be listed here except for the more common ones, viz. balau laut merah (Peninsular Malaysia), balau merah (Peninsular Malaysia), damar laut merah (Peninsular Malaysia), membatu (Peninsular Malaysia), red selangan batu (Sabah and Sarawak), selangan batu merah (Sabah and Sarawak), semayur (Sarawak), seraya (Peninsular Malaysia) and seraya batu (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include S. collina, S. guiso, S. inaequilateris, S. kunstleri and S. ochrophloia. The sapwood is pink, purple-brown or grey-brown and is fairly distinct from the heartwood, which is light to deep red-brown. 

Also known as Selangan merah (Brunei); Balau merah and Gisok (Indonesia); Mai si khao (Laos); Guijo (Philippines); Chan, Lantan and Teng-tani (Thailand); and Chai (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 800-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable under exposed conditions (lasting from 2 to 5 years). The timber is subject to subterranean termite and fungal attacks.   

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Both S. guiso and S. ochrophloia have been found to be very difficult to treat with preservatives. 

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse and even, with deeply interlocked grain.  

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Red Balau

Species Moisture Content (%) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. guiso Green 13,700 94 43.6 5.52 10.1
Air dry 14,800 100 55.2 5.52 12.0
S. kunstleri Green 19,000 105 57.9 7.03 9.3
Air dry - - - - -
S. ochrophloia Green 15,900 85 43.7 - 10.1
Air dry 17,000 99 55.3 - 9.9

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to difficult to saw and work, although planing is easy and the surface produced is smooth to slightly rough.


Machining Properties of Red Balau

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Rip-sawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. guiso Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult easy slightly rough easy smooth moderately easy moderately smooth
S. kunstleri Green easy to difficult slightly difficult easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth easy smooth
S. ochrophloia Green slightly difficult easy easy slightly rough easy slightly rough - -
Air dry slightly difficult easy easy slightly rough moderately easy slightly rough difficult smooth to rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property varies according to species; S. guiso is reported to be excellent, while S. ochrophloia is good and S. kunstleri is poor.

AIR DRYING

The seasonig properties of some of the species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
S. guiso 4 6 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight cupping, splitting, surface-checking, insect attacks and staining.
S. kunstleri 4 6 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight splitting and surface-checking.
S. ochrophloia 3 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-checking; slight splitting and surface-checking.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule G is recommended. 

Kiln Schedule G

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 45.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 130 54.5 123 50.5 80
30 140 60.0 131 55.0 75
25 160 71.0 146 63.5 70
20 170 76.5 147 64.0 55
10 180 82.0 144 62.5 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of red balau is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
S. guiso 1.6 3.6 High shrinkage
S. kunstleri 2.2 3.3 High shrinkage
S. ochrophloia 1.4 3.2 High shrinkage

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from defects. 

USES

The timber is suitable for heavy construction under cover, beams, posts, joists, rafters, pallets (heavy duty), columns (heavy duty), tool handles (impact), joinery, cabinet making, fender supports, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), plywood, heavy duty furniture, flooring (heavy traffic), door and window frames and sills, staircase (carriage, angle block, rough bracket, riser, tread, bullnose, round end, winder, stringer and newel), cooling tower (structural members), railway sleepers (treated) as well as telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms (treated).

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D. T. 1981. Malaysian Timbers � Red Balau. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 45. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Rengas

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Gluta spp. and Melanochyla spp. (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied are usually rengas (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. The major species contributing to the timber include Gluta aptera, G. elegans, G. malayana, G. renghas, G. torquata, G. wallichii, G. wrayi; Melanochyla auriculata, M. bracteata, M. caesia and M. fulvinervis. The sapwood is light pink-brown or light brown and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is dark red-brown or deep blood-red, with bands of darker, almost black streaks.

Also known as Rengas (Brunei); Kroeul (Cambodia); Gluta (India); Anga, Poei and Rengas (Indonesia); Mai nam kiang (Laos); Burma Gluta, Chay, Thayet-thitsi and Thitsi (Myanmar); Hekakoro (Papua New Guinea); Lingas (Philippines); and Rak and Rak-ban (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 640-960 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable, being susceptible to termite attacks.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is extremely difficult to treat with preservatives, while the sapwood is amenable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to fairly fine and even, with interlocked or occasionally straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG4 (MS 544: Part 2: 2001).


Strength Properties of Rengas (G. torquata)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 14,000 81 41.4 5.31 10.6
Air dry 14,900 111 59.4 7.65 13.2

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to resaw and cross cut and the planed surface is only moderately smooth.

Machining Properties of Rengas (G. torquata)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Rip-sawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy to slightly difficult easy easy moderately smooth slightly difficult slightly rough - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult difficult moderately smooth slightly difficult slightly rough slightly difficult rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly, with slight twisting and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended.


Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
15 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, radial shrinkage averages 1.0% while tangential shrinkage averages 1.8%.

DEFECTS

The logs of rengas are generally free from defects except for few heart shakes.

USES

Due to the poisonous nature of the sap, the timber is not very often exploited. The seasoned timber, however, is quite safe to handle and is highly prized as a cabinet wood due to its streaky figure and blood-red colour. The timber is also suitable for decorative works, panelling, mouldings, superior joinery, picture frames, flooring, plywood, furniture, railway sleepers, posts, beams, joists, rafters, pallets (permanent light duty), door and window frames and sills (internal use), tool handles (impact), ornamental items and walking sticks. The timber is strong enough for medium construction provided it is protected from termites.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Lopez, D. T. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Rengas. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 87. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Resak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the tree and timber of Cotylelobium spp. and Vatica spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include resak (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, balau (Peninsular Malaysia) in error, damar keluang (Pahang), jenuong (Johor) and keruing babi (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Cotylelobium lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon; Vatica bella, V. cuspidata, V. flavida, V. havilandii, V. heteroptera, V. lowii, V. maingayi, V. mangachapoi, V. nitens and V. scortechinii. The sapwood is lighter in colour than the heartwood and is sharply defined in Cotylelobium but not generally so in Vatica. The heartwood is pale yellow when fresh and turns to deep red-brown on exposure in Cotylelobium and a fine brown with a green tinge in Vatica.

Also known as Resak (Brunei); Chrama:hs (Cambodia); Vatica (India); Giam, Resak and Resak bukit (Indonesia); Chik dong, Mai ka cha, Mai si and Mai si khao (Laos); Vatica (Papua New Guinea); Narig (Philippines); and Chan Thip, Dam Darng, Khian, Khiem, Kiam, Pan-Cham, See, Tamsao and Yang-nu (Thailand).

  
DENSITY

The timber is a Heavy Hardwood with a density of 655-1,155 kg/m3 air dry. 


NATURAL DURABILITY

Graveyard tests on V. cuspidata, a species with an average air dry density of 1,040 kg/m3 indicated that the timber has an average service life of 14 years under natural conditions. The timber is therefore, classified as very durable under Malaysian conditions (Jackson, 1965). Desch (1941) recorded that tests carried out to determine the quality of resak timber indicated that some forms of resak were found to be exceptionally durable (presumably the heavier varieties), ranking with the best forms of balau and giam, and the inferior forms (presumably the lighter varieties) would appear to be at least moderately durable. Burkill (1935) stated that the timber of Cotylelobium is of excellent quality and resistant to Teredo, a type of marine borer. Burgess (1966) however, reported that the timber of Vatica species is not resistant to marine borers and failed within 12 months in Papua New Guinea. In general, resak should not be accepted as resistant to marine borers, but material of Cotylelobium, since it contains silica, is likely to be more resistant than Vatica.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Generally, preservative treatment is not necessary for Malaysian Heavy Hardwoods including the timber of resak. The timber was quoted as very difficult to treat (Lee and Chu, 1974). In general, the heartwood of the hard and heavy forms of resak are expected to be as difficult to treat as other Malaysian Heavy Hardwoods, e.g. balau, chengal and bitis. It is therefore, unlikely that resak will absorb preservatives of any worthwhile quantity except possibly for the sapwood of the lighter species.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight or only shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG4 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Resak

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
V. cuspidata Green 18,100 105 61 12 13
V. stapfiana Green 14,400 81 42 5 9

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to resaw and cross-cut in Vatica, while Cotylelobium is moderately easy to slightly difficult to resaw. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the finished surface is smooth. 

Machining Properties of Resak

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
C. malayanum Green moderately easy moderately easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult moderately easy easy smooth easy smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth
V. cuspidata Green difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth slightly difficult moderately smooth
V. stapfiana Green difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult slightly difficult smooth easy smooth - -

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with very negligible degrade. Only slight cupping, end-checking, splitting and surface-checking are noted during drying. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule B is recommended. Resak, which is hard and heavy as chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii), needs very slow drying as it is extremely prone to surface-checking. In order to minimise the drying costs and defects, the timber should be air dried to below 30% moisture content before kiln-drying.

Kiln Schedule B

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
40 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
30 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
25 115 46.0 105 40.5 70
20 130 54.5 115 46.0 60
15 140 80.0 118 47.5 50

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 1.5% while tangential shrinkage averages 3.4%.

DEFECTS

The timber is generally free from any major defects except in some logs, which may contain some heart shakes and some accompanying decay. Compression failure is occasionally present in some logs. No �pin� or �shot� hole borer attack in the heartwood has been observed but the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attacks. Surface-checking of the timber is common but not severe. Some resin pockets may be present.

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, bridges, piling, marine construction, beams, posts, joists, pallets (permanent heavy duty), door and window frames and sills, tool handles (impact), flooring (heavy traffic), power transmission poles, laboratory benches, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), railway sleepers, fender supports, staircase (angle blocks, rough brackets, carriage, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), cooling tower (structural members), telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, heavy duty furniture and wooden containers.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Record No.6.
  2. Burkill, I. H. 1935. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
  3. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers.Vol.1. Malayan Forest Record No.15.
  4. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp
  5. Jackson, W. F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.38.
  6. Lee, Y. H. & Chu, Y. P. 1974. Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Timber Industries Board.
  7. Lim, S.C. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Resak. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 62. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
  8. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  9. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  10. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ru

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timbers of Casuarina spp. and Gymnostoma spp. (Casuarinaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Philippine origin, is AGOHO. Vernacular names applied include aru (Sabah) and sempilau (Sabah) with various epithets. Major species include Casuarina equisetifolia; Gymnostoma nobile and G. sumatranum. The sapwood is lighter in colour and distinct from the heartwood, which is pink-brown, red-brown or dark brown.

Also known as Western Australian she-oak (Australia); Nakure (Fiji); Casuarina (India); Cemara, Cemara gunung, Cemara laut and Cemara Sumatra (Indonesia); Kabwi (Myanmar); Boi de fer de Riviera (New Caledonia); Casuarina (Pakistan); She oak (Papua New Guinea); Agoho (Philippines) Son and Son Tha Le (Thailand); and Dong-lieu and Phi lao (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 850-1,120 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Its amenability to preservative treatment is average.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven due to the presence of the extremely large aggregate rays. It has straight, spiral or wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut when green but is difficult when dry. Planing is also easy when green but difficult when dry and the planed surface is smooth to moderately smooth.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as very poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with moderate end-checking and staining, slight cupping, bowing and surface-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.6% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.4%.


USES

The timber is suitable for tool handles, fence posts and fuel both as firewood and charcoal.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Rubberwood

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include kayu getah (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), rubberwood (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) and para rubber (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak). The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale cream in colour, often with a pink tinge.

Also known as Rubberwood (Brunei); Kausuu (Cambodia); Rubberwood (India); Kayu getah, Kayu karet and Pokok getah para (Indonesia); Jaang (Laos); Kyetpaung (Myanmar); Katoh and Yang phara (Thailand); and Cao su (Vietnam).

DENSITY

It is a Light Hardwood with a density of 560-640 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is moderately hard and light to moderately heavy.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Rubberwood in its natural form is classified as non-durable. It is very susceptible to attack by fungi and insects. Biodeterioration starts almost immediately after the tree is felled. Blue stain fungi penetrate the ends of logs within a week of felling and the infection is found to be more severe during the raining season (Hong et al, 1980). Ambrosia beetles attack the logs and Browne (1961) has recorded 16 species of ambrosia beetles attacking rubber logs. Timber from rubber logs, before or after seasoning, is attacked by 7 powder-post beetles and one scolytid (Norhara, 1981). This attack is considered more severe as it renders the timber non useable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Rubberwood is very amenable to preservatives. Normal treatment for boards involves mere dipping into tanks containing a preservative solution. Treatment, however, must be carried out almost immediately after the boards emerge from the saw. The resistance against biodeterioration could be enhanced by subsequent kiln-drying of the boards. Pressure impregnation with copper-chrome-arsenic compounds is seldom used to treat rubberwood because of the undesirable greenish yellow colour produced by these preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001). 

Strength Properties of Rubberwood

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Bending(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 8,800 58.0 26.0 3.65 9.0
Air dry 9,240 66.0 32.0 4.70 11.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to slightly difficult to resaw and easy to cross cut although latex may tend to clog up the saw teeth. The timber planes easily and the finish is smooth.

Machining Properties of Rubberwood

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry moderately easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with bowing and springing as the main defects. 13 mm thick boards take 2.5 months to air dry while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule D is recommended. 25 mm thick boards can be dried in approximately 6 days. Main defects are bowing, springing and end-splitting.


Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low. Radial shrinkage averages 0.8% while tangential shrinkage averages 1.9%.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from defects.

USES

The timber is used extensively for the manufacture of furniture. Other major uses include flooring, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, plywood, charcoal manufacture, wooden pallets (expendable type), staircase (tread, baluster, steps and railing), ornamental items, door components, joinery, cabinet making, tool handles (non impact), ladies shoe soles, picture frames, toy, fruit bowl, chopping block and bentwood. It has also been used as core material for blockboard and has been chipped for pulp and paper manufacturing. Rubberwood is used as the main source of fibre material for the production of medium density fibreboard (MDF) in the country. A possible end-use for this timber is the manufacture of rayon.

REFERENCES

  1. Anonymous. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Rubberwood. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 58. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 7 pp.
  2. Browne, F. G. 1961. The Biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Record No. 22. Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. 
  3. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  4. Hong, L. T., Tam, M. K., K. Daljeet Singh & Arshad Omar. 1980. The Effectiveness of Preservatives in the Control of Sap-stain in Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) Logs. Mal. For . Vol. 43, pp. 522-527.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Norhara bt Hussein. 1981. A Preliminary Assessment of the Relative Susceptibility of Rubberwood to Beetle Infestations. Mal. For. Vol. 44, pp. 482-487.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Samak

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timbers of Adinandra, Gordonia and Schima (Theaceae). Vernacular names applied include bangkao (Sabah), bangkau (Sabah), bawing (Sabah), gatal-gatal (Peninsular Malaysia), gegatal (Peninsular Malaysia), jalong (Peninsular Malaysia), legai (Sarawak), medang gatal (Peninsular Malaysia), meluluk (Sabah), mengkula (Peninsular Malaysia), samak pulut (Peninsular Malaysia), tekoyong-koyong (Sarawak), tetiup (Peninsular Malaysia) and tiup-tiup (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species of the timber include Adinandra caudatifolia, A. dumosa, A. integerrima, A. sarosanthera, A. villosa; Gordonia multinervis, G. taipingensis; and Schima wallichii. In Gordonia and Schima, the sapwood is usually lighter in colour or dirty white and is poorly defined from the heartwood, which is red, red-brown or purple-red-brown, sometimes with streaks of darker colour. In Adinandra, the sapwood is lighter in colour and not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is grey-brown with a purple tinge to dark red-brown.

Also known as Chilauni and Nagetta (India); Kasilala, Kayu manjel, Letok, Osole, Pelempang hitam, Puspa, Tabi, Tadungin and Weindie (Indonesia); Boun nak, Khai sou and Mi (Laos); Laukya and Needlewood (Myanmar); Schima (Papua New Guinea); and Bunnak and Mang Tan (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 530-920 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is easy to impregnate with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather fine and even, with interlocked and frequently irregular grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to easy to resaw and cross-cut and is easy to slightly difficult to plane. The finish is, however, smooth.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property ranges from excellent in Schima to poor in Adinandra.


AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of the timber are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 25 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
Adinandra dumosa 3 - 4 Moderately slow drying; moderate cupping and splitting; severe staining.
A. villosa - 5 - Slow drying; slight twisting.
Schima wallichii 2.5 - 3 Fairly fast drying; severe cupping, bowing, twisting and splitting; slight end-checking and surface-checking.

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of the timber is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
Adinandra dumosa 2.3 2.4 Fairly high shrinkage
A. villosa 1.7 4.4 High shrinkage
Schima wallichii 2.1 3.4 High shrinkage

USES

The timber is suitable for flooring, panelling, mouldings, door and window frames, planking, plywood, wooden pallets and charcoal manufacture.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sawa Luka

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Helicia spp. and Heliciopsis spp. (Proteaceae). No other vernacular names have been recorded. Major species include Helicia rufescens, Heliciopsis montana and H. rufidula. The sapwood is yellow-pink and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a salmon pink tinge.

Also know as Kendung (Indonesia); High mountain silky oak (Papua New Guinea); and Mueat khon (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 515-785 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is resistant to pressure impregnation. 


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and uneven due to the presence of the extremely broad rays.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber saws easily and planes to a smooth surface.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to season well, with very little end-splitting and slight surface-checking as the main sources of defects.


USES

The timber has not been used extensively but should be suitable for cabinet making, superior joinery, high class furniture and interior finishing due to the presence of the oak-like silver figure.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Selumar

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Jackiopsis ornata (Rubiaceae). This name, which is used in Sabah and Sarawak, is also applicable in Indonesia and is now adopted as the ASEAN Standard Name. Vernacular names applied include sentulang (Peninsular Malaysia). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is not clearly differentiated from the heartwood, which is red to purple-red-brown.

Also known as Selumar (Indonesia).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 785-915 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It is fairly durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber works easily.


USES

The following uses for this timber have been recorded: fencing, house posts, carrying poles, paddles, rice pounders and other domestic implements.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sempilor

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dacrydium spp., Falcatifolium falciforme and Phyllocladus spp. (Podocarpaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name, which is of Indonesian origin, for the timber is MELUR. Vernacular names applied include ekor (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, jati padang (Peninsular Malaysia) and ru (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets. Major species include Dacrydium beccarii, D. comosum, D. elatum, D. gibbsiae; Falcatifolium falciforme; and Phyllocladus hypophyllus. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is buff with a pinkish tinge or golden brown.

Also known as Celery pine, Huon pine, Papua New Guinea celery-top pine (Australia); Srol-kraham (Cambodia); Yaka (Fiji); Bejalin, Kayu alau, Kayu empire, Kayu karongan and Melur (Indonesia); Taw-kyet-gale-pan (Myanmar); Red pine, Rimu, Silver pine and Westland pine (New Zealand); Celery pine, Dacrydium and Papua New Guinea celery-top pine (Papua New Guinea); Binaton, Dalung, Galingkinga, Lokinai and Salumayag (Philippines); Dacrydium (Soloman Islands); Phayamakhampom, Samphanpi and Sonhangkarok (Thailand); and Hoang dan (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Softwood with a density of 435-705 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable and is subject to drywood termite attacks.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with straight grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be weak.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to work very easily and produces a smooth and somewhat lustrous surface.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is satisfactory.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well without serious degrade. Thicker boards must be dried slowly to avoid surface-checking. Warping in the form of slight to moderate twist may occasionally occur, while flat-sawn boards may cup to a slight extent.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 4.7%.

USES

The timber should be suitable for decorative works, if available in sufficient quantities. It can be used for panelling, mouldings, partitioning, pattern making, plywood, joinery, staircase (handrail), furniture, match boxes and splints as well as disposable chopsticks.

  
REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sena

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Pterocarpus indicus (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include angsana (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Only one species is recorded for this country, viz. P. indicus. The sapwood is white or pale straw-coloured and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is golden brown, occasionally streaked with darker stripes.

Also known as Narra (Brunei); Thimbi thimbi (Fiji); Andaman padauk, Bijasal, Padauk and Red sanders (India); Angsana, Linggoa, Oele, Sandana, Sonokembang and Tjempaga (Indonesia); Chan deng and Mai dou (Laos); Ansanah, Padauk and Sena (Myanmar); New Guinea rosewood (Papua New Guinea); Apalit, Narra and Vitali (Philippines); Gammalu (Sri Lanka); Pradoo, Pradu, Pradu-ban and Sano (Thailand); and Vermillion wood (United States of America).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 560-690 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Sena is moderately durable. Its sapwood is readily attacked by fungi and insects.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Sena is very easy to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and uneven, due to the ring-porous structure. Grain is interlocked and sometimes wavy.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958). 

Strength Properties of Sena

Test Condition Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Side hardness(N) Shear parallel to grain (MPa)
Green 31.2 6.14 4,540 9.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to resaw and cross-cut due to the presence of severely interlocked grain. Planing is easy but the finish is only moderately smooth with some grain pick-up in radial sawn material.

 

Machining Properties of Sena

Test condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult easy easy tangential: smooth; radial: rough due to grain pick-up moderately easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult easy moderately smooth slightly difficult smooth moderately easy smooth

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly, with very little degrade, except for some insect and fungal attacks on the sapwood. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 4 months to air dry and 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1%.

DEFECTS

The logs are generally free from natural defects.

USES

The timber is one of the rare ring-porous timbers found in this country and as such is highly prized as a cabinet wood. The timber is suitable for all forms of decorative works, joinery, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, high class furniture, plywood, flooring, staircase (apron lining, baluster, handrail, newel and sprandrel framing) and ornamental items.

REFERENCES


  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Sim, H. C. 1988. Malaysian Timbers – Sena. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 108. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.
  4. Tham, M. K. 1985. Unpublished report.
  5. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sengkuang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dracontomelon dao (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular name applied includes mati anak (Peninsular Malaysia). The sapwood is pinkish or greyish yellow and is clearly defined in trees with coloured heartwood. The heartwood produced by some trees is coloured and is walnut grey-brown, while other trees produce a greyish or greenish yellow heartwood with irregular concentric dark brown to nearly black bands.

Also known as Basuong, Dahu and Sengkuang (Indonesia); Nga-bauk (Myanmar); Koel, Laup, Mon and Papua New Guinea walnut (Papua New Guinea); Dao, Lamio and Ulandug (Philippines); and Phrachao ha phra ong (Thailand).

  
DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 500-690 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions and is susceptible to termite attacks.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even with straight or interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group 5 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reputed to work easily and produces a smooth surface that takes a very high finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reported to season well.


USES

The coloured material is highly prized as a cabinet wood and is suitable for furniture manufacture, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings and plywood. The uncoloured material is suitable for temporary construction, shuttering, pallets (expendable type) as well as packing boxes and crates.


REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sengkurat

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name, which is of Sarawakian origin, for the timber of Elaeocarpus spp. (Elaeocarpaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is JENITRI. Vernacular names applied include empedu (Sarawak), kungkurad (Sabah), parius-parius (Sabah), perdoh (Sarawak), sanga (Sarawak) and sanga burong (Peninsular Malaysia). Medang (Peninsular Malaysia), with various epithets, has also been erroneously applied to some of these species. Major species include E. apiculatus, E. floribundus, E. palembanicus, E. obtusus, E. griffithii, E. petiolatus E. polystachys, E. robustus, E. angustifolius and E. stipularis. The sapwood of the timber is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light yellowish white to pink-brown and mauve in E. floribundus.

Also known as Silver quandong and Tropical quandong (Australia); Rudrak (India); Bengkinang, Jenitri, Mendang and Mentanahan (Indonesia); Mai moun and Mai mun (Laos); Thitpwe (Myanmar); Papua New Guinea quandong (Papua New Guinea); Hunggo and Kalomala (Philippines); Ma mum (Thailand); and Chang chang (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light to moderately heavy with a density of 465-785 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

it is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Burgess, 1958) or SG 6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy and the planed surface is moderately smooth.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with moderate insect attack and slight end-checking and surafce-checking as the main sources of defects. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4.5 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is fairly low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.2%.


USES

The timber is suitable for general planking purposes, shuttering, packing boxes and crates, pallets, match splints and plywood.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sentang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Azadirachta excelsa (Meliaceae). Other vernacular names applied include limpaga (Sabah), which is also applicable to some other members of the family, and ranggu (Sabah and Sarawak), which is also applicable to Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Anacardiaceae). Only one species has been recorded in this country. The sapwood is straw-coloured or pale red and is moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is reddish brown.

Also known as Neem (India); Bawang kunyit, Kayu bawang, Mimba, Nibwak and Surian bawang (Indonesia); Azadirachta (Papua New Guinea); Danggo and Maranggo (Philippines); Sadao-thiam and Thiam (Thailand); and Sau dau (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 560-770 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Light Hardwood in Malaysia. However, sentang from the plantations may have lower density, e.g. 5-year-old sentang (340-600 kg/m3) and 8-year-old sentang (482-648 kg/m3).


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is slightly coarse and uneven, due to a tendency towards a ring-porous structure.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is generally easy to work, taking a good finish. The boring properties are rated as good and planing and shaping as moderately good. Tests in Sabah showed that the timber peels well without pretreatment.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly, with only slight twisting and end-checking as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 4 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very low with both radial and tangential shrinkage averaging 0.5%.

USES

The timber is suitable for high class joinery works, furniture, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, plywood, flooring and ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sentul

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Sandoricum spp. (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include kelampu (Sarawak) and sentul hutan (Sabah). Major species include S. beccarianum and S. koetjape. The sapwood is light yellow-brown with a pink tinge, gradually merging into the heartwood, which is pink to red.

Also known as Kompeng reach (Cambodia); Dembeo, Kalampu, Katul, Ketapi, Satoeh and Tapi (Indonesia); Tong (Laos); Thitto (Myanmar); Santol and Santor (Philippines); Ka Ton, Katorn and Kra thon (Thailand); and Sau, Su and Xoan dau (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light with a density of 435-575 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is resistant to preservative treatments.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse, with interlocked, sometimes wavy grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to saw and can be planed and finished well, sometimes a little furry, and takes a high polish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well with little checking and splitting.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is low to high.


USES

The timber is suitable for light construction under cover, furniture, wooden sandals as well as packing boxes and crates.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Senumpul

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Sandoricum spp. (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include kelampu (Sarawak) and sentul hutan (Sabah). Major species include S. beccarianum and S. koetjape. The sapwood is light yellow-brown with a pink tinge, gradually merging into the heartwood, which is pink to red.

Also known as Kompeng reach (Cambodia); Dembeo, Kalampu, Katul, Ketapi, Satoeh and Tapi (Indonesia); Tong (Laos); Thitto (Myanmar); Santol and Santor (Philippines); Ka Ton, Katorn and Kra thon (Thailand); and Sau, Su and Xoan dau (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is soft to moderately hard and light with a density of 435-575 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable when exposed to the weather or in contact with the ground.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is resistant to preservative treatments.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to slightly coarse, with interlocked, sometimes wavy grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to saw and can be planed and finished well, sometimes a little furry, and takes a high polish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons well with little checking and splitting.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is low to high.


USES

The timber is suitable for light construction under cover, furniture, wooden sandals as well as packing boxes and crates.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sepang

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the species of Caesalpinia sappan (Leguminosae). The sapwood is white with a pinkish tinge and sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is orange-red, darkening on exposure to dark purple-red brown.

Also known as Mai (Laos); and Sibukau (Philippines).


DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 980-1,045 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is said to be durable to the weather.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even. Grain is straight, wavy or spiral.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

Wood working properties have been rated as moderately easy and takes a high finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber has not been tested at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). However, tests elsewhere indicate that the timber is subject to checking and warping when seasoned in the log.


USES

The species is a source of yellow dye, but the timber is also said to be used for cabinet work.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sepetir

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Copaifera palustris and Sindora spp. (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include sepetir (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, petir (Sarawak), tampar hantu (Sarawak) and tepih (Sarawak). Major species include Copaifera palustris; Sindora coriacea, S. echinocalyx, S. siamensis, S. velutina and S. wallichii. The sapwood is light grey-brown or beige with a pink tinge and is clearly defined from the heartwood, which is brown with a pink tinge and darkens on exposure. A corewood, which is streaked with layers of darker coloured to almost black wood is often developed.

Also known as Sepetir (Brunei); Krakas, Krakas meng and Krakas sbek (Cambodia); Ensunut, Kaju galedupa, Samparantu, Sampit, Sansanit, Saserut, Sasundur, Sepatir, Seperhantu, Sepetir, Sepetir berduri, Sinampar, Sindur and Tamparan hantu (Indonesia); Mai tao ho (Laos); Kayu galu and Supa (Philippines); Khaman, Kling, Ma Ka Tae and Makata (Thailand); and Gomat (Vietnam).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 530-785 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Two series of graveyard tests were conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) on S. coriacea. The first series was conducted in only one test ground and the specimens were found to last for only 1.6 years, while the other series was conducted in three different grounds. The results obtained showed a life span of 2.6 years. The timber is thus classified as not durable to moderately durable. The specimens were destroyed by both termites and fungi. The timber is highly susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks (Menon, 1957). Test sticks of S. coriacea treated by the open tank method with 100% creosote to an absorption of 141 kg/m3 (8.83 lb/ft3) were found to be durable. Only 83% of the 40 test sticks were destroyed after 18 years.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is classified as moderately difficult to treat. Under standard open tank treatment using a mixture of creosote and diesel fuel on test sticks of 65 mm x 65 mm x 900 mm, an average absorption of 96 kg/m3 (5.97 lb/ft3) was obtained. Under the full-cell process and a 3% Copper-Chrome-Arsenic solution, the heartwood of sepetir was found to be difficult to treat as only absorption of 73 kg/m3 (4.58 lb/ft3) was recorded. The dry salt retention achieved was only 2.2 kg/m3 (0.14 lb/ft3).

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight or shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG5 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Sepetir (S. coriacea)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength (MPa)
Green 11,700 71 36.4 4.28 10.1
Air dry 13,600 92 46.3 5.93 13.6

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is slightly difficult to difficult to resaw and cross-cut but is easy to plane and the surface produced is smooth.

Machining Properties of Sepetir (S. coriacea)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green slightly difficult slightly difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth - -
Air dry difficult difficult easy smooth slightly difficult smooth moderately easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly, with almost no degrade, although the sapwood is likely to be attacked by powder-post beetles. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

For kiln-drying, Schedule G is recommended. The timber dries fast but has a marked tendency to warp if the boards contain dark streaks. For such material, Schedule D is recommended.


Kiln Schedule D

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 105 40.5 96 35.5 70
35 110 43.5 97 36.0 60
30 115 46.0 97 36.0 50
25 125 51.5 101 38.0 40
20 140 60.0 105 40.5 30
15 150 65.5 112 44.5 30

Kiln Schedule G

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 45.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 130 54.5 123 50.5 80
30 140 60.0 131 55.0 75
25 160 71.0 146 63.5 70
20 170 76.5 147 64.0 55
10 180 82.0 144 62.5 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.5% and tangential shrinkage averaging 2.9%.

DEFECTS

Sepetir logs are normally free from serious defects. However, defects such as spongy heart and pin holes have been recorded (Desch, 1957). The sapwood of the logs has been reported to be rapidly attacked by dry-wood termites (Thomas, 1970).

USES

The timber is suitable for general planking, light construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, ceiling, packing boxes and crates, pallets (expendable and permanent light duty types), door and window frames and sills (internal use only), tool handles (non impact), railway sleepers, cooling tower (non structural members), staircase (apron lining, baluster, handrail, newel and sprandrel framing), flooring, furniture, plywood, picture frames and ornamental items. The streaked material is, however, highly prized as a superior cabinet wood and is suitable for decorative works, joinery, panelling and mouldings.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol.1. Malayan Forest Record No.15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Ho, K. S. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Sepetir. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 60. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
  4. Menon, K. D. 1957. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Mal. For. Vol. 20 (1) pp. 19-23.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. PermissibleStress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Thomas, A. V. 1970. Malayan Timbers � Sepetir, Merawan. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.16. (Reprinted).
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sesendok

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Endospermum spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Only one species, viz. E. diadenum, occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, while in Sabah and Sarawak there is another species, E. peltatum. Vernacular names applied include ekor belangkas (Sarawak), inchong Perlis (Kedah), membulan (Peninsular Malaysia), sendok (Sabah), sendok-sendok (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak), sendok-sendok mata (Sabah) and terbulan (Sarawak). The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is bright yellow when fresh, often with a green tinge and darkens to light brown on exposure.

Also known as Sesendok (Brunei); Kavula and Lekutu (Fiji); Bakota (India); Kayu labu, Membulan and Sendok-sendok (Indonesia); Basswood and Tau (Papua New Guinea); Gubas (Philippines); Endospermum-sasa and Hongopo (Soloman Islands); and Famo, Lokhao and Taphong (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 305-655 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the standard graveyard test of untreated specimens of dimensions 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, the wood is classified as non-durable under Malaysian conditions. In a test conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), the average service life for 29 untreated specimens was 1 year (Jackson, 1965). When green, the timber is liable to blue-stain fungal infection.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is very amenable to preservative treatment and is classified as extremely easy to treat.

TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even with spiral, shallowly interlocked or slightly wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku, 1988b) or SG 7 (MS 544: Part 2:2001). 

Strength Properties of Sesendok

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 8,500 39 20.8 1.75 5.4
Air dry - - - - -

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and plane and produces a smooth surface.

Machining Properties of Sesendok

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is excellent.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without serious degrade except for some insect attacks. 13 mm thick boards take 2 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5 days to kiln-dry to 10% moisture content without any degrade.


Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.3%. 

DEFECTS

The logs are usually reasonably sound but small areas of spongy heart may occur. Severe borer damage as well as staining will occur if there is delay in extracting felled logs (Desch, 1941; Smith, 1957).

USES

The timber is a favoured species for the manufacture of match splints and boxes. The timber is also suitable for pattern making, drawing boards, plywood, packing boxes and crates, toys, wooden clogs, disposable chopsticks, pencil, ladies shoe sole, tooth picks and furniture.

REFERENCES


  1. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual Of Malaysian Timbers. Mal. For. Recorded No. 15, Vol. 1
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W.F. 1965. Durability Of Malayan Timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.28.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. Mohd. Shukari Midon. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Sesendok. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 66. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp.
  6. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Smith, J. S. 1957. Report On Forest Administration for the year 1957, Federation of Malaya. Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Simpoh

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dillenia spp. (Dilleniaceae). Vernacular names applied include simpoh (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithet. Major species include D. borneensis, D. excelsa, D. grandifolia, D. pulchella and D. reticulata. The sapwood is lighter in colour and merges gradually into the heartwood, which is red-brown, sometimes with a purplish tinge and darkens on exposure.

Also known as Poplea and San (Cambodia); Kukulava and Kulava (Fiji); Dillenia (India); Kendikara and Simpur jangkang (Indonesia); Phao and San kham (Laos); Mai-masan, Thabyu and Zinbyum (Myanmar); Dillenia and Majongga (Papua New Guinea); Katmon and Katmon-layugan (Philippines); Kapuchu and Mudi (Soloman Islands); Godapura (Sri Lanka); and Masan, San, San-Na and Tamasi (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 675-820 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Graveyard test on 38 sticks of simpoh (D. grandifolia) with dimension of 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm were carried out to determine the natural durability of the timber. All the test sticks were destroyed within the first year of test. Simpoh is therefore, classified as not durable (Jackson, 1965). The timber is also reported to be susceptible to powder-post beetle attacks (Desch, 1957).

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Its amenability to preservative treatment is classified as average.


TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001). 

Strength Properties of Simpoh (D. grandifolia)

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 14,300 76 39 5 8

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy to fairly easy and the planed surface produced is smooth.


Machining Properties of Simpoh (D. grandifolia)

Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green fairly easy fairly easy easy smooth easy slightly rough - -
Air dry moderately easy moderately easy fairly easy smooth easy slightly rough easy smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as poor.


AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly, with cupping and splitting as the major defects. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 4 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule C is recommended. 25 mm thick boards take about 14 days to dry. Simpoh has been found to be very prone to surface-checking during drying and thus, due care should be taken to prevent any form of harsh treatment.


Kiln Schedule C

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 105 40.5 101 38.0 85
60 105 40.5 99 37.0 80
40 110 43.5 102 39.0 75
35 110 43.5 100 38.0 70
30 115 46.0 103 39.5 65
25 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
20 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
15 150 65.5 121 49.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, with radial shrinkage averaging 2.2% and tangential shrinkage averaging 3.9%.

DEFECTS

Freshly felled logs are usually sound except for some heart shakes. The logs are liable to split badly soon after felling, frequently throughout the whole length of the logs. Sawn material of simpoh is prone to spring badly. Other degrades of the timber such as warping and twisting are common during seasoning. Some specimens of simpoh were found to be attacked by powder-post beetles.


USES

The timber has an attractive silver figure and is suitable for decorative works, plywood, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, joinery, cabinet making, flooring, furniture and ornamental items. It is also suitable for posts, beams, joists, door and window frames and sills, railway sleepers, staircase (tread, stringer, apron lining, carriage, newel and riser), vehicle bodies (planking), ship and boat building (general planking), piling, columns (light duty), cooling tower (non-structural members) as well as telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms.

REFERENCES

  1. Desch, H.E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1 Malay. For. Rec. No.15.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability Of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet no.28.
  4. Lim, S. C. 1982. Malaysian Timbers – Simpoh. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 67. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.
  5. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  6. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Sungkai

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian Name for the timber of Peronema canescens (Verbenaceae). The heartwood is cream-coloured to light yellow or light brown and not well defined from the sapwood. The timber resembles teak wood very much and as such, it is often referred to as “white teak” in the trade.

Also known as Jati londo, Jati sabrang, Kurus and Sungkai (Indonesia); and Khoeilai, Sakae and Sangkae (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and medium in weight with a density of 520-730 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is rated as moderately durable with an average service life in contact with ground of about 3 years. It is readily attacked by pin-hole beetles but is believed to be moderately resistant to drywood termites and resistant to attacks by powder-post beetles.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is easy to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to moderately coarse and uneven. Grain is straight to wavy.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is moderately strong.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The woodworking properties of the timber are rated as moderately easy except that the saw may blunt easily due to the presence of silica. Planing and turning give moderate results whereas boring and sanding are good.


USES

The timber can be used for interior finishing, furniture and fittings, plywood, flooring and ornamental items.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Surian Batu

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Chukrasia tabularis (Meliaceae). Vernacular names applied include cherana puteh (Peninsular Malaysia), repoh (Peninsular Malaysia), suntang (Peninsular Malaysia) and suntang puteh (Peninsular Malaysia). This is a monotypic timber. The sapwood is light yellow-brown or pink-brown and is moderately sharply or sharply defined from the heartwood, which is light red-brown or red, darkening to dark walnut-brown on exposure.

Also known as Voryong (Cambodia); Chickrassy and Chittagong wood (India); Mai nyom hin, Nhom, Nhom hin and Nhom khao (Laos); Chickrassy, Chikrasy, Tawyinma and Yinma (Myanmar); Chickrassy (Pakistan); Hulanhik (Sri Lanka); and Siet-Ka and Yom-Hin (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 625-880 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and uneven, due to the conspicuous layers of parenchyma. Grain is interlocked and sometimes wavy.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group (SG) 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to very difficult to resaw and cross-cut but planes easily and produces a moderately smooth finish.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly without any form of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 1.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 2.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.7%.

USES

The timber is equivalent to the famous “Indian wood”- chikrassy, which is highly prized as a high-class cabinet wood. The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, fancy furniture, plywood, door and window frames and sills, decking, flooring, staircase (balustrade, handrail and sprandrel framing), posts, beams, joists, rafters, joinery and ornamental items. The timber is also suitable for heavy and medium construction under cover.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tampoi

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian Name for the timber of Baccaurea spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include tampoi (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) with various epithets, asam pohong (Peninsular Malaysia), asam tambun (Peninsular Malaysia), belimbing hutan (Sabah), jintek bukit (Peninsular Malaysia), jintek-jintek (Peninsular Malaysia), kunau-kunau (Sabah), limpaung (Sabah), mesekam (Peninsular Malaysia) and rambai hutan (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah). Major species include B. angulata, B. sumatrana and B. parviflora. The sapwood is not differentiated by colour from the heartwood, which is light yellow-brown and darkening to brown with a purple-red or orange-yellow tinge.

Also known as Kepundung, Menteng and Tampui (Indonesia); Fai (Laos); Kanaso and Mai-mak-hpa (Myanmar); Baloiboi and Dilak (Philippines); and Mafai, Rambai and Somfai (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and heavy with a density of 630-950 kg/m3 air dry. The timber is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is reputed to be durable and can be treated with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine but uneven due to the presence of the large rays. Grain is straight or shallowly interlocked.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons moderately slowly without serious degrade.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction under cover, posts, beams, joists, rafters, furniture and plywood.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Teak

INTRODUCTION

The trade name for the timber of Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae). The local name for the timber is JATI. Teak is not indigenous to Malaysia but it has been trial planted in Malaysia with encouraging results. The sapwood of the timber is yellowish white or pale yellow-brown and up to 50 mm thick and is distinct from the heartwood, which is dull yellowish when fresh and turning to golden brown or dark greyish brown on exposure, often with greyish or dark coloured streaks.

Also known as Teak (Brunei); Maysak (Cambodia); Teak (India); Jati and Teak (Indonesia); Mai sak, Sak and Teck (Laos); Kyun and Teak (Myanmar); Mai sak, Sak and Teak (Thailand); and Giati (Vietnam).


DENSITY

Teak is a medium weight timber with a density of 610-750 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The heartwood of teak is rated as durable to very durable depending on the condition of exposure. Stake tests show an average service life in contact with ground of more than 10 years (5.6 years in Malaysia) under tropical conditions and more than 25 years under the temperate conditions. The sapwood is susceptible to attack by powder-post beetles.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The heartwood is difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse and uneven. Grain is straight, wavy or slightly interlocked.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is moderately strong.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

Teak is not difficult to work, but requires some effort, mainly because of the presence of silica in the cells. Tools tipped with tungsten carbide are recommended for sawing and planing operations. The wood turns well.


NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good but pre-boring is recommended.


AIR DRYING

Generally, teak dries very well with few defects except that the timber is liable to colour changes and high initial temperature should be avoided. Boards of 13 mm thick take 15 days to air dry from 40% to 15% moisture content, while boards of 25 mm thick take 30 days and boards of 38 mm thick take 50 days.


SHRINKAGE

Teak has very low radial shrinkage of 0.7-1.5% and tangential shrinkage of 1.1-2.5% from green to air dry condition.


USES

The favourable properties of teak make it suitable for a wide variety of purposes. The timber has been used for ship decking and other constructional work in boat building such as furniture and interior fittings of boats. Being classified as very resistant to teredo activity, teak is an excellent timber for bridge building and other construction in contact with water such as docks, quays, piers and floodgates in fresh water. The timber has also been extensively used for house construction like interior and exterior joinery (window, solid panel doors and framing) and is used for floors. Other uses of teak include musical instruments, toys, carving, laboratory and kitchen tables, vats and plywood.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Telor Buaya

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Homalium spp. (Flacourtiaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is DELINSEM. Vernacular names applied include kayu batu (Peninsular Malaysia) and takaliu (Sabah). Major species include H. dictyoneurum, H. foetidum, H. grandiflorum and H. longifolium. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is reddish brown. Occasionally, a streaky corewood is produced in some trees.

Also known as Ateang and Roteang (Cambodia); Delingsem, Gia and Hia (Indonesia); Khen nang (Laos); Lance wood, Myaukchaw and Myaukugo (Myanmar); Malas (Papua New Guinea); Ampupuyot, Aranga and Aranga-babae (Philippines); and Kha nang (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to very heavy with a density of 720-995 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is easy to treat with preservatives, except for the corewood, which is not amenable.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with usually straight but sometimes interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is difficult to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is slightly difficult and the planed surface is moderately smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly slowly with only slight bowing and springing as the main sources of defects. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 25 mm thick boards take 4 months and 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.3% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.9%.


USES

The timber is suitable for temporary heavy construction, door and window frames, flooring, furniture, turneries and wooden pallets.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Teluto

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Pterocymbium spp. (Sterculiaceae). Vernacular names applied include mata lembu (Peninsular Malaysia) and melembu (Peninsular Malaysia). Only one species is of importance, viz. P. tinctorium. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale straw-coloured with a pink tinge.

Also know as Amberoid (Australia); Papita (India); Kelumbuk (Indonesia); Papita and Sawbya(Myanmar); Amberoid (Papua New Guinea); Taluto (Philippines); and Oi-chang, Po-ikeng and Po-kradang (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is soft and light, with an average density of 465 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable, being extremely perishable.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and uneven due to the presence of the extremely large rays. Grain is straight.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to be easy to saw and work but is difficult to finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons rapidly without much degrade except for staining by sapstain fungi.


USES

The timber is suitable for very temporary construction, shuttering, packing boxes and crates, matches and match boxes, wooden clogs, fish-net floats and possibly for plywood.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Temak Batu

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian Name for the timber of Shorea siamensis (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular name applied appears to be uniform throughout the country in that temak batu is used throughout. This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is only moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a purple-red tinge.

Also known as Reang and Reang phnom (Cambodia); Mai harig and Phao (Laos); Ingyin (Myanmar); Rang (Thailand); and Ca chac xanh (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and very heavy with a density of 975-1,090 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is naturally durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It should be very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked or sometimes wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber has not been tested at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), but work done in Myanmar and India indicates that the timber is strong, although not as strong as chengal or balau.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to work with some difficulties but the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season slowly but with no real degrade.


USES

The trees are normally gnarled and twisted and therefore, large sections or long lengths of this timber may not be available. If available, the timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, bridges, piles, railway sleepers and posts.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tembusu

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian Name for the timber of Shorea siamensis (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular name applied appears to be uniform throughout the country in that temak batu is used throughout. This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is only moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is brown with a purple-red tinge.

Also known as Reang and Reang phnom (Cambodia); Mai harig and Phao (Laos); Ingyin (Myanmar); Rang (Thailand); and Ca chac xanh (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is hard to very hard and very heavy with a density of 975-1,090 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is naturally durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It should be very difficult to treat with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked or sometimes wavy grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber has not been tested at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), but work done in Myanmar and India indicates that the timber is strong, although not as strong as chengal or balau.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to work with some difficulties but the planed surface is smooth.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to season slowly but with no real degrade.


USES

The trees are normally gnarled and twisted and therefore, large sections or long lengths of this timber may not be available. If available, the timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction, bridges, piles, railway sleepers and posts.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tempinis

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Streblus elongatus (Moraceae). Vernacular name applied appears to be very uniform in that only tempinis is used throughout the country. Only one species attains tree size, viz. S. elongatus. The sapwood is light yellow-brown and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is red-brown when fresh, darkening to a deep shade of brown or dark chocolate-brown on exposure.

Also known as Tempinis (Indonesia) and Khoi (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is very hard and very heavy with a density of 915-1,025 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is very durable. Graveyard test carried out on the wood of S. elongatus gave an average service life of 11.3 years.

TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is moderately easy to difficult to resaw and is slightly difficult to difficult to cross-cut. Planing is difficult but the planed surface is smooth.

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as very poor.

AIR DRYING

The timber seasons fairly rapidly with no defects at all. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 2.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 3.5 months.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very low, with radial shrinkage averaging 0.8% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1%.

USES

The timber is suitable for all forms of heavy construction like bridges, wharves, etc. Other uses include flooring (heavy traffic), railway sleepers, power transmission poles, beams, joists, rafters, columns (light to heavy duty), tool handles (impact), staircase (carriage, newel, riser, stringer, tread, bullnose, round end and winder), door and window frames and sills.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H.J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Terap

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the lighter species of Artocarpus spp. and Parartocarpus spp. (Moraceae). Vernacular names applied include terap (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, ara berteh (Peninsular Malaysia), miku (Peninsular Malaysia), paliu (Sabah), sukun (Peninsular Malaysia), timadang (Sabah) and timbangan (Sabah). Major species include Artocarpus altilis, A. elasticus, A. lowii, A. odoratissima, A. scortechinii, A. tamaran, A. teysmannii, Parartocarpus bracteatus and P. venenosus. The sapwood, except for some rare cases, is generally not differentiated from the heartwood, which is yellow to light yellow-brown. Occasionally, a dark brown heartwood with an orange tinge is developed, in which case, the sapwood is distinct.

Also known as Terap (Brunei); Kulu (Fiji); Aini and Chaplash (India); Pudu, Terap, Teureup and Upas (Indonesia); Taung-peinne (Myanmar); Antipolo and Malanangka (Philippines); Asina (Samoa Islands); and Hom, Ka-ok and Mai Hom (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 400-560 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Graveyard tests on A. scortechinii, P. bracteatus and A. elasticus indicated that terap is generally perishable in contact with the ground in Peninsular Malaysia. All the test sticks of P. bracteatus and 63% of the A. scortechinii specimens were destroyed within a year, and 4% remained after 2 years (Burgess, 1979). The average service life of A. scortechinii, P. bracteatus and A. elasticus are 1.7, 1.4 and 1.1 years respectively under natural conditions. The timber is therefore classified as not durable under Malaysian conditions (Jackson, 1965).

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Terap is classified as moderately difficult to treat with preservatives. 

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse to coarse.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG6 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Terap

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
P. bracteatus Green 10,300 45 22.8 2.41 6.1
Air dry 12,000 68 34.8 3.17 9.2
A. scortechinii Green 9,900 57 29.9 2.97 7.0
Air dry 10,300 67 35.0 3.03 9.2

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is generally easy to resaw and cross-cut except for the air dry material of Parartocarpus, which is slightly difficult. Planing is easy, again with the exception of air dry Parartocarpus, which is slightly difficult. The planed surface is smooth on the tangential side but rough on the radial side due to picking up of grain.

Machining Properties of Terap

Species Test condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
A. scortechinii Green easy easy easy tangential: smooth, radial: rough due to grain pick-up easy rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy tangential: smooth, radial: rough due to grain pick-up easy rough easy rough
P. venenosus Green easy easy easy Tangential: smooth, radial: rough due to grain pick-up easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult rough due to grain pick-up easy rough easy rough

NAILING PROPERTY

The nailing property is rated as good.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning properties of some species tested are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
A. elasticus 1 2.5 Very fast drying; no defects except for stains by fungi.
A. scortechinii 3 4 Fairly slow drying; slight bowing, cupping and checking.
P. venenosus 3.5 5 Fairly slow drying; slight bowing, cupping, twisting and checking.

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of terap is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
A. elasticus 1.5 2.9 Fairly high shrinkage.
A. scortechinii 1.6 3.9 High shrinkage.
P. venenosus 2 4.4 Very high shrinkage.

DEFECTS

Specimens of Artocarpus and Parartocarpus were found to be attacked by dry wood termites, pin-hole beetles and blue stain fungal infestation. A certain degree of brittle heart were also found to occur in the specimens of terap.

USES

The timber is suitable for light construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, flooring, plywood, packing boxes and crates, wooden pallets (expendable type), non-striking tool handles, pattern making, panelling, mouldings and furniture.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1979. The Timbers of Keledang and Terap. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 24. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 28. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C Timber Trade Leaflet No.31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Tan, Y. E. & Lim, S. C. 1989. Malaysian Timbers – Terap. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 109. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 10 pp.  
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Terentang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Campnosperma spp. (Anacardiaceae). Vernacular names applied include ketang (Sarawak), telatang (Sabah) and terentang (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include C. auriculatum, C. coriaceum and C. squamatum. The sapwood is not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is bright pink when fresh and takes on a grey tinge on exposure.

Also known as Terentang (Brunei); Pauh lebi, Terentang and Tumbus (Indonesia); Campnosperma (Papua New Guinea); Karamati (Soloman Islands); Aridda (Sri Lanka); and Huasum, Nangpron and Sangtrang (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 320-560 kg/m3 air dry and an average density of 432 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Based on the standard graveyard test on untreated specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm, the wood of C. auriculatum is classified as not durable having a service life of only 6 months. The other species can also be considered to have a poor service life. The timber is susceptible to sapstain fungal infection. The timber was reported by Menon (1967) to be immune to powder-post beetle attack. However, Thomas (1950) observed that attack occurred in the sapwood but was not so serious. The wood of C. auriculatum treated with 100% creosote to an absorption of 175 kg/m3 (11 lb/ft3) gave an average service life of 10.3 years in the graveyard tests.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is easily treated with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group D (Engku, 1988b) or SG7 (MS 544: Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of Terentang

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
C. auriculatum Green 5,700 31 15.4 1.21 5.7
Air dry 7,000 42 22.4 2.21 7.5
C. coriaceum Green 9,300 35 18.8 1.57 5.0
Air dry - - - - -

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing is easy but the planed surface is rough and woolly with considerable picking up of the grain.

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as excellent.

AIR DRYING

Seasoning properties vary with species and the results obtained from some of the species tested are summarised in the table below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
C. auriculatum 1 2 Very fast drying; slight bowing; moderate twisting, insect attacks and staining
C. coriaceum - 5 Fairly slow drying; severe splitting.

KILN-DRYING

The timber has not been tested for its kiln-drying characteristics but judging from its low density and air drying properties, there should not be any difficulty in this timber using the schedule for red meranti (Kiln Schedule F) or even that for jelutong (Kiln Schedule H). 

Kiln Schedule F

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 111 44.0 75
60 120 48.5 109 43.0 70
40 125 51.5 109 43.0 60
30 130 54.5 109 43.0 50
25 140 60.0 115 46.0 45
20 155 68.0 124 51.0 40
10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

Kiln Schedule H

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 127 53 80
50 135 57.0 126 52 75
40 140 60.0 126 52 65
30 150 65.5 129 54 55
20 170 76.5 136 58 40

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of terentang is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
C. auriculatum 1.6 3.2 High shrinkage.
C. coriaceum 2.1 5.5 Very high tangential shrinkage.

DEFECTS

Small areas of spongy heart may be present in some logs, in which minute compression failures or cross-breaks may occur. The logs are liable to split through the pith but other forms of splits or checks and natural defects are not common. Shot-hole and pin-hole borers may occur both in the sapwood and heartwood (probably after felling) but this is usually slight. Staining may occur from the ends of logs or where bark has been removed.


USES

The timber is suitable for match-boxes, match splints, pencil, packing boxes and crates, ornamental items, plywood, disposable chopsticks, ladies’ shoe soles, sandals, toothpicks and particleboards. 

REFERENCES

  1. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Grewal, G. S. 1986. Malaysian Timbers – Terentang. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 103. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.  
  3. Menon, K. D. 1967. Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 27 (Rev.).  
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Thomas, A. V. 1950. Malayan Timbers – Bintangor, Geronggang and Terentang. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.12.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Teruntum

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Lumnitzera spp. (Combretaceae). Vernacular names applied include teruntum (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, geriting (Sabah) with variuos epithets and sop-sop (Johore). Major species include L. littorea and the pole-sized L. racemosa. The sapwood is not well defined and is lighter in colour than the heartwood, which is light grey-brown to light brownish red.

Also known as Sangali (Fiji); Teruntum (Indonesia); Brown mangrove (Papua New Guinea); Tabau (Philippines); and Fat (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is hard and heavy with a density of 755-835 kg/m3 air dry. It is classified under Medium Hardwood in Malaysia.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is moderately durable.

TEXTURE

Texture is very fine and even, with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is reported to saw readily and planes very cleanly, producing a smooth and glossy surface.

AIR DRYING

It is reputed to season well with little degrade.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather low, radial shrinkage averages 1% while tangential shrinkage averages 1.3%.

USES

The timber is popular in Sabah for marine piling. This timber, with its easy working qualities and glossy finish, should be suitable for flooring, furniture, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, skirtings, door and window frames and sills, pallets (expendable types), packing boxes and crates.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim S. C. & Chung R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tetebu

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the timber of Mastixia spp. (Cornaceae). The ASEAN Standard Name for the timber, which is of Indonesian origin, is KAYU KUNDUR. Vernacular names applied are bantis (Sabah), itan beruang (Sarawak), tebu-tebu (Peninsular Malaysia) and tetebu (Peninsular Malaysia), in obvious reference to the strong sugar-cane smell of the cut bark. Major species include M. pentandra and M. trichotoma. The sapwood is white to light yellow and is not well defined from the heartwood, which is yellow with a greenish tinge.

Also known as Gulle and Mastixia (India); Kayu Kundur (Indonesia); Apanit (Philippines); and Diyataliya (Sri Lanka).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately soft and is light to moderately heavy with a density of 560-770 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

It has not been tested for its durability but is expected to be non-durable under exposed conditions.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is very easily treated with preservatives.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even with straight to shallowly interlocked grain.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to saw and work and produces a smooth surface.


AIR DRYING

The timber seasons slowly and is prone to staining. 25 mm thick boards take 5 months to air dry.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2% while tangential shrinkage averages 5.2%.


USES

The timber has not been used in any great extent in the country. Due to its high shrinkage, the timber may not be suitable for a large number of constructional uses. Possible usage include packing boxes and crates, pallets, shuttering and perhaps particleboard manufacture.


REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tinjau Belukar

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Porterandia anisophyllea (Rubiaceae). Vernacular names applied include bembalor (Sabah). Only a single species, viz. Porterandia anisophyllea, has been reported to be used for its timber. The sapwood of the timber is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale brown with a pink tinge.


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 645-720 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is reputed to be moderately durable.


TEXTURE

Texture is fine and even, with straight grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be easy to saw. It also machines and turns well and finishes to a good surface.


USES

The timber has been used for fencing, beams, walking sticks, tools and implements. It has also been tested and found to have good pulping properties.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T.M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tuai

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name as well as the ASEAN Standard Name for the timber of Bischofia javanica (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include jitang (Peninsular Malaysia). This genus has only one species, viz. B. javanica. The sapwood is brick red-brown and is sharply defined from the heartwood, which is purple-red-brown and darkens on exposure.

Also known as Java cedar (Australia); Koka (Fiji); Bishopwood and Uriam (India); Bintungan, Gadog, Gintungan and Kerinjing (Indonesia); Khom fat (Laos); Uriam (Pakistan); Java cedar (Papua New Guinea); Tuai (Philippines); Pradu-som, Term and Toem (Thailand); and Nhoi (Vietnam).


DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 545-880 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The sapwood is amenable to preservative treatment while the heartwood is refractory.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine to rather coarse but even, with interlocked grain.


MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is reported to be slightly difficult to work but planes to a smooth finish.


AIR DRYING

The timber is reputed to be very difficult to season without serious defects. Cracks, warping and even honeycombing have been noted during seasoning.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is very high and may account for the seasoning problems of this timber. Work done in Australia indicated that radial shrinkage to be as high as 2.6% and tangential shrinkage to be 6.2% (green to 12% moisture content).


USES

The timber is not likely to be used extensively due to its adverse properties. The timber may be suitable for temporary planking, packing boxes and crates and charcoal manufacture.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tualang

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Koompassia excelsa (Leguminosae). Vernacular names applied include kayu raja (Sarawak), mengaris (Sabah) and tapang (Sarawak). This is a monospecific timber. The sapwood is buff-coloured or yellow-brown, often with a pink tinge and is sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is reddish brown to deep brick-red-brown when fresh and darkens with age to a deep chocolate-brown.  

Also known as Mengaris (Brunei); Bengaris, Mengaris, Menggeris, Sialang, Tualang and Wehis (Indonesia); Koompassia (Papua New Guinea); Ginoo and Manggis (Philippines); and Tulae and Yuan (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 800-865 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Tualang is classified as moderately durable under exposed conditions. The durability rating is based on the standard graveyard tests conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) on specimens of dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm. In the first series of such tests, all 6 specimens were completely destroyed after 3.5 years (Foxworthy & Woolley, 1930). In the second test, 60 specimens were used and the average service life was 3 years (Jackson, 1965). The sapwood of the timber is susceptible to both powder-post beetle and fungi attacks, while the heartwood is readily destroyed by termites.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is amenable to preservative treatment and is classified as easy to treat.


TEXTURE

Texture is rather coarse but even except in areas where included phloem occurs. Grain is interlocked, often deeply interlocked. 

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group A (Engku, 1988b) or SG 3 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).


Strength Properties of Tualang

Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) Modulus of Rupture(MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Green 16,400 102.0 53.4 7.17 11.3
Air dry 17,800 121.0 62.0 8.00 16.3

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut when green but is slightly difficult to resaw when dry. Planing is easy in either condition and the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth.


Machining Properties of Tualang

Test condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry slightly difficult easy easy moderately smooth slight difficult rough easy moderately smooth

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as good.  

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly to slowly with slight end-checking, surface-checking and insect attacks as the main sources of degrade. 13 mm thick boards take 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 6 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended.

Kiln Schedule E

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry-bulb) Temperature (Wet-bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85
60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80
40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75
30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65
25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55
20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45
15 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is average, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.5% and tangential shrinkage averaging 1.7%.

DEFECTS

The major defect that is associated with the timber of tualang is the presence of hard abnormal tissues commonly known as included phloem. It is observed that tualang is even more severely riddled with included phloem than kempas (Koompassia malaccensis). In sawn timber, bands and patches of included phloem similar to those found in kempas can often be seen (Ser, 1981). These zones of abnormal tissues are likely to result in seasoning degrade and mechanical weakness in the timber. Some minor defects that have been recorded are shot holes, pin holes, heart rot and hollow pith. Apart from these, the logs of freshly-felled K. excelsa are generally free from other defects.

USES

When treated, the timber is suitable for all heavy construction, like posts, beams, joists, columns (heavy duty), piling, railway sleepers and power transmission poles. Untreated, the timber is suitable for flooring (heavy traffic), panelling, mouldings, heavy duty furniture, fender supports, office and shop fittings, tool handles (impact) and plywood.

REFERENCES

  1. Engku, Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  2. Foxworthy, F. W. & Woolley, H. W. 1930. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Record No. 8.
  3. Jackson, W. F. 1965. The Durability of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 28.
  4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  5. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. PermissibleStress Design of Solid Timber.
  6. Ser, C. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers � Kempas. Malaysian Forest ServiceTrade Leaflet No. 44.
  7. Ser, C. S. 1984. Malaysian Timbers – Tualang. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 83. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 6 pp.
  8. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.,C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Tulang Daing

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the tree and timber of Callerya atropurpurea (Leguminosae), used here to cover all species of Fordia and Millettia in Malaysia. Vernacular names applied include jenerek (Peninsular Malaysia), kayu rindu (Peninsular Malaysia), kedang belum (Sarawak) and urat rusa (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Fordia albiflora; Callerya atropurpurea, C. vasta; and Milletia decipiens, M. galliflagrans and M. hemsleyana. The sapwood is not sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is pale orange-brown, streaked with lighter coloured zones of parenchyma.  

Also known as Kayu ujau (Indonesia); Mai sa thon (Laos); Kwe tanyin (Myanmar); and Kasae and Yee-ni-keh(Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy to heavy with a density of 595-815 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable, liable to be attacked by both fungi and insects.

TEXTURE

Texture is coarse and uneven due to the presence of abundant wood parenchyma. Grain is interlocked.

MACHINING PROPERTIES  

The timber is reported to be slightly difficult to work due to the interlocked grain.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction under cover, interior finishing, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, furniture, flooring, packing boxes and crates and ornamental items.

REFERENCES

  1. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  2. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Ubah

INTRODUCTION

The common Malaysian name for the trees and timber of Glochidion spp. (Euphorbiaceae). Vernacular names applied include gerumong jantan (Sabah), obah nasi (Sabah) and saka-saka (Sabah). Major species include G. borneense, G. littorale, G. obscurum, G. perakense and G. superbum. The timber has pale brown sapwood. The sapwood is not differentiated from the heartwood, which is light purple-grey-brown or red-brown.  

Also known as Ki pare and Ki timbel (Indonesia); Bagna and Salanisin (Philippines); Ubah merah (Singapore); and Khrai mot (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is moderately hard and moderately heavy with a density of 440-890 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable to moderately durable. 

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is resistant to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately fine and even, with straight grain.

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage upon seasoning is moderate to very high, especially in the tangential direction.

USES

The timber of ubah is used to build native and temporary houses, mainly as poles and rafters and for tool handles. In New Guinea, it is used for light framing, flooring, mouldings, interior trim and furniture. The trees yield a good fuelwood and the boles have been used in mushroom cultivation.

REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

White Meranti

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the Anthoshorea group of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include meranti (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, melapi (Sabah) with various epithets and other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include S. agami, S. assamica, S. bracteolata, S. dealbata, S. henryana, S. hypochra, S. lamellata, S. resinosa and S. roxburghii. The sapwood is white and is moderately sharply differentiated from the heartwood, which is almost white when fresh and becomes light yellow-brown on exposure.

Also known as White Meranti (Brunei); Lum-bao (Cambodia); Makai (India); Dammar putih, Dammar tenang putih, Kayu tahan and Meranti putih (Indonesia); Mai khae hom, Mai kheen fai and Mai kheen khan yon (Laos); Kyilan (Myanmar); Manggasinoro and Yellow lauan (Philippines); Dumala dun (Sri Lanka); Chan, Khiam Ka Nom, Khiem Kha Norng, Kiam Ka Nom, Phayom, Saya-khao, Sukrom and Takhian-Sai (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 495-995 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The white meranti is classified as moderately durable under Malaysian conditions. Untreated timbers of white meranti of standard test dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm were subjected to graveyard tests at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The average service life for the four species of white meranti tested are respectively 2.6 years (S. bracteolata), 3.6 years (S. hypochra), 4.5 years (S. roxburghii) and 4.1 years (S. henryana). The sapwood of white meranti appears to be rather readily and rapidly attacked by ‘pin-hole’ borers after felling. The timber is not resistant to marine borer attacks even though it has high content of silica in the cells. Creosote/diesel fuel treated sleepers of white meranti (S. bracteolata) have been reported to last as long as 19 years at a colliery in Peninsular Malaysia (Thomas, 1949).

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is amenable to preservative treatment.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even, with rarely straight, usually shallowly interlocked or occasionally deeply interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

Strength Properties of White Meranti

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. bracteolata Green 12,700 63 33.8 2.6 6.1
Air dry - - 44.3 3.9 9.4
S. henryana Green 18,400 109 61.8 9.4 14.0
Air dry 19,400 132 67.1 11.0 14.2
S. hypochra Green 14,400 79 42.1 4.9 9.0
Air dry 15,700 97 51.7 5.9 10.0
S. roxburghii Green 10,800 73 40.4 5.2 9.0
Air dry 11,500 90 47.7 70 10.6

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to slightly difficult to resaw in the green condition and slightly difficult to very difficult in the air dry condition. Cross-cutting is also easier in the green than in the air dry condition. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and the surface produced is smooth to rough.

Machining Properties of White Meranti

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. bracteolata Green slightly difficult easy moderately easy rough easy rough - -
Air dry difficult slightly difficult moderately easy rough easy rough moderately easy rough
S. henryana Green slightly difficult slightly difficult easy rough easy smooth - -
Air dry very difficult very difficult slightly difficult rough difficult moderately smooth - -
S. hypochra Green easy easy easy smooth easy rough - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth moderately easy rough moderately difficult rough
S. roxburghii Green easy fairly easy easy smooth easy smooth - -
Air dry slightly difficult slightly difficult slightly difficult moderately smooth easy rough moderately difficult rough
NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property ranges from good to poor depending on the species.

AIR DRYING

The seasoning characteristics of some species of white meranti are summarised below:

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks
13 mm thick boards 25 mm thick boards 38 mm thick boards
S. assamica - 3.5 - Fairly slow drying.
S. bracteolata 2 - 3 Fairly fast drying; slight cupping, bowing, end-checking and surface-checking, insect and fungi attacks.
S. henryana 3 - 5 Fairly slow drying; only slight end-checks and staining.
S. hypochra 3 - 5 Fairly slow drying; only slight splitting and staining.
S. roxburghii 3 4 5 Fairly slow drying; no defects.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. The timber dries rapidly without any defects. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5 days to kiln-dry from 50 to 10% moisture content. When drying timbers of thickness above 40 mm and up to 75 mm, the relative humidity of the original drying schedule should be 5% higher in each case and for timber of thickness greater than 75 mm, the relative humidity should be increased correspondingly by 10%.


Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species of white meranti is summarised below:

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks
Radial Tangential
S. assamica 1.1 2.9 Shrinkage rather high.
S. bracteolata 1.8 3.0 Shrinkage fairly high.
S. henryana 1.1 2.6 Shrinkage rather high.
S. hypochra 1.3 2.7 Shrinkage rather high.
S. roxburghii 0.6 1.7 Shrinkage fairly low.

DEFECTS

White meranti generally contains less defects compared with other forms of merantis. The incidence of borer attacks in heartwood of the timber is quite negligible. The sapwood is rather readily and rapidly attacked by ‘pin-hole’ borers. Similar to most white coloured timbers, white meranti is also liable to blue stain infection (particularly the sapwood portion) if the timber is inadequately ventilated. Old trees of this timber may contain brittle-heart or in more serious cases, hollow-heart. Compression failures or cross-breaks are commonly associated with the brittle or hollow heart. Logs appear to split very little after felling.

USES

The timber is suitable for light to medium construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, planking, staircase (carriages, newel, risers, sprandrel framing, stringer, railing, tread, bullnose, round ends and winders), panelling, mouldings, partitioning, furniture, flooring, decking, railway sleepers, tool handles (non impact), disposable chopsticks, vehicle bodies (framework, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons, framework and general planking) and plywood.

REFERENCES

  1. Choo, K. T. & Lim, S. C 1986. Malaysian Timbers – White Meranti. Timber Trade leaflet No. 102. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 12 pp.
  2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  3. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  4. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  5. Tam, M. K. 1986. Unpublished report.
  6. Thomas, A. V. 1949. The Service Life of Sleepers in Malayan Railways. Mal. For. Vol:XII; 114.
  7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

White Seraya

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the lighter species of Parashorea (Dipterocarpaceae). This timber is confined to the states of Sabah and Sarawak. Vernacular names applied include urat mata (Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets. Major species include P. malaanonan and P. tomentella. The sapwood is paler in colour and not clearly defined from the heartwood, which is pinkish cream when fresh, turning to straw-colour or light brown on exposure.

Also known as White Seraya (Brunei); Pendan, Penden, Tembalun and Urat mata (Indonesia); and Bagtikan, Light Red Philippines, Mahogany, Malaanonang and White lauan (Philippines).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 400-655 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

It is non-durable.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even with interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Burgess, 1958).

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is fairly easy to work although it has a dulling effect on the tools. The planed surface of tangential boards is smooth, but on the radial boards, there is a tendency for tearing of grain.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly to slowly and is subject to warping and checking and also staining by fungi. 25 mm thick boards take approximately 5.5 months to air dry.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. The timber is reported to season fairly rapidly with minimum defects except for some cupping.

Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage averages 2.5%, while tangential shrinkage averages 5.3%.

USES

The timber is suitable for interior finishing, panelling, partitioning, plywood, furniture, mouldings, skirtings and light constructional works. It has also been successfully tried for hardboard manufacture.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, H. J. 1958. Strength Grouping of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 25. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 15 pp.
  2. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  3. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Yellow Meranti

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of the Richetia group of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied include bam (Pahang), damar hitam (Peninsular Malaysia) with various epithets, meranti (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) with various epithets, seraya (Pahang), seraya kuning (Sabah) with various epithets and other localised names too numerous to list here. Major species include S. dolichocarpa, S. faguetiana, S. gibbosa, S. hopeifolia, S. longisperma, S. maxima and S. multiflora. The sapwood is lighter in colour and is clearly defined from the heartwood, which is lighter yellow-brown with a green tinge, darkening to deeper shades of yellow-brown or brown.

Also known as Yellow Meranti (Brunei); Dammar hitam, Dammar kelepek and Meranti kuning (Indonesia); Bam, Manggasinoro and Yellow Lauan (Philippines); and Kalo (Thailand).

DENSITY

The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 575-735 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

The standard graveyard tests conducted at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) have shown that the average service life of S. multiflora and S. longisperma are 1.9 years and 1.1 years respectively. Out of the 45 tests stakes of S. multiflora, 15 stakes were destroyed within 6 months while the last two stakes were completely destroyed after three years. Similarly, tests on S. longisperma indicated that only about 8 percent of the test stakes were still serviceable at the end of the first year. The destruction of timber was caused almost exclusively by termites. Therefore, yellow meranti is classified as not durable under Malaysian conditions.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is moderately difficult to treat with preservatives.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even, with usually interlocked and sometimes wavy grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG6 (MS 544: Part 2: 2001).

Strength Properties of Yellow Meranti

Species Test Condition Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa) Compression parallel to grain (MPa) Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) Shear strength(MPa)
S. faguetiana Green 10,700 60 32.8 3.86 6.4
Air dry - - - - -
S. longisperma Green 10,500 55 29.5 2.97 6.0
Air dry - - - - -
S. multiflora Green 11,000 57 30.2 - 6.5
Air dry 12,100 67 40.0 - 8.0

MACHINING PROPERTIES

It is easy to resaw and cross-cut in both green or air dry conditions. Planing is also easy and the planed surface is smooth to moderately smooth. 

Machining Properties of Yellow Meranti

Species Test Condition Sawing Planing Boring Turning
Resawing Cross Cutting Ease of planing Quality of finish Ease of boring Quality of finish Ease of turning Quality of finish
S. faguetiana Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth to rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth easy rough easy slightly rough
S. longisperma Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth to rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy slightly rough
S. multiflora Green easy easy easy smooth easy smooth to slightly rough - -
Air dry easy easy easy smooth easy rough easy slightly rough

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property ranges from good to poor depending on the species.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly, with very little degrade, except for some cupping, bowing and powder-post beetle attacks in the sapwood. 13 mm thick boards take approximately 3 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take 5 months.

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule J is recommended. The timber is reported to dry well without any defects.


Kiln Schedule J

Moisture Content (%) Temperature (Dry Bulb) Temperature (Wet Bulb) Relative Humidity (%) (approx.)
� F � C � F � C
Green 135 57.0 123 50.5 70
50 135 57.0 119 48.0 60
40 140 60.0 118 47.5 50
30 150 65.5 121 49.0 40
20 170 76.5 127 53.0 30

SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is rather high to high, especially in the tangential direction. Radial shrinkage ranges between 0.9% and 1.2% while tangential shrinkage ranges between 3.1% and 3.8%.

DEFECTS

Yellow meranti timbers are liable to brittle-heart formation. The extent of damage due to the brittle heart may be negligible in some logs but appreciable in others. The timber appears to be relatively free from shot-hole borer damage but they are subjected to attack by pin-hole borer (Desch, 1941). They are also reported to be highly susceptible to powder post beetle after felling (Menon, 1957). The timber stains when in contact with iron components ( Burgess, 1966).

USES

The timber is suitable for general utility purpose, light construction, planking for vehicle bodies as well as ship and boat building, panelling, mouldings, partitioning, shop and office fittings, furniture, joinery, flooring, decking, staircase (angle blocks, rough bracket, apron lining, baluster, balustrade and sprandrel framing), tool handles (non impact), pallets, railway sleepers, posts, beams, joists, rafters and pencil. This timber is highly prized as a plywood species.

REFERENCES

  1. Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 6.
  2. Choo, K. T. & Lim, S. C. 1988. Malaysian Timbers � Yellow Meranti. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 107. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4 pp.
  3. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Vol. 1 Mal. For. Rec. No. 15.
  4. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1988b. Basic And Grade Stresses For Some Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board And Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
  5. Menon, K. D. 1957. Susceptible of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post Beetle Attack. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.27.
  6. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.
  7. MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code Of Practice For Structural Use Of Timber. Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
  8. Redding, L. W. 1977. Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote. F.P.R.I. Bulletin No. 54 HMSO London.
  9. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

Yemane

INTRODUCTION

A common name for the timber of Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae). The species was introduced into Peninsular Malaysia in 1920 as plantation timber species. The sapwood of the timber is lighter in colour but not clearly distinct from the heartwood, which is straw-yellow to creamy white, turning to reddish brown with age.

Also known as Toeah (Australia), Gamari and Gumhar (India); Kayu titi (Indonesia); Mai so (Laos); Mai saw, Yemane and Yemani (Myanmar); Etdemata (Sri Lanka); and Gumari, Saw, So and So-maeo (Thailand).


DENSITY

The timber is light and soft with an average density of 408 kg/m3 air dry.


NATURAL DURABILITY

The timber is non-durable under exposed conditions. However, it has been reported that in Myanmar, house posts of yemane were still sound after 30 years of service (in Malaysia, average service life in exposed conditions is 1.3 years). Tests in the United Kingdom showed that the heartwood was moderately durable with respect to fungal attacks. In India, the timber of Gmelina was found to be susceptible to marine borers.


PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

It is generally difficult to treat the heartwood of Gmelina with preservatives by the normal pressure process. Even sapwood is moderately resistant.


TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse but even. Grain is straight, moderately interlocked or wavy.


STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber is moderately strong (with strength value fairly similar to meranti tembaga – Shorea leprosula).


MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber is easy to resaw and cross-cut. Planing, boring and turning are easy with smooth finishing. The logs are easy to peel by rotary peeling even without pre-treatment.


NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is rated as excellent.


AIR DRYING

The timber dries very slowly with very few degrades except with some slight cupping, bowing, staining and moderate end-checking. 13 mm thick boards take 3.5 months to air dry, while 38 mm thick boards take about 10 months.


KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule K is recommended for kiln-dyring.


SHRINKAGE

Shrinkage is low. Radial shrinkage ranges 0.5-0.6% while tangential shrinkage is about 1.1%.


USES

The timber is widely used as furniture wood in Sierra Leone due to its light colour, stability and good working properties. Tests in Nigeria indicated that yemane is suitable for match splints. In India, the timber is used for the manufacture of furniture, panelling, packing boxes and crates, musical instruments, railway carriages and building. The timber can also be used for decking, mouldings and general carpentry works.


REFERENCE

  1. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.